Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 21.djvu/317

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 SANTA MARIA. See.  SANTA MAURA, or (Λευκάδα,  Λευκάς), one of the, with an  of 110 and a   of 25,000 (20,892 in ), lies off the coast of  , immediately south of the entrance to the. It first appears in as a  (Odyssey, xxiv. 378), and, if the statements of  be accepted literally, it owed its existence as an  to the ians, whose  across the  was again after a long period of disuse opened up by the. But it is probable rather that Leucas was then as now separated from by a shallow  (two  or less). During the occupation a  for s of four to five   was formed from  Santa Maura to the, but the 16--deep   which it was proposed  to carry right across the  or submerged  to  was only partially. Santa Maura, measuring about 20 s from north to south and 5 to 8 s in breadth, is a rugged mass of and ous s (partly ), rising in its principal ridges to heights of 2000 and 3000, and presenting very limited areas of level ground. The crop suffices only for a few s' local consumption; but  of good quality is produced to the extent of 30,000 to 50,000 s per annum; the s (in the west especially) yield 100,000 s of  (bought mainly by, , , and ); the , introduced about , has gradually come to be the principal source of wealth (the crop averaging 2,500,000 ℔); and small quantities of , , , , &c., are also grown. The, formerly of importance, has suffered from. Though to a large extent and, the inhabitants are industrious and well-behaved. The chief (5000 inhabitants) properly called Amaxikhi, but more usually Santa Maura, after the neighbouring, is situated at the north-east end of the  opposite the. In the south-west is the of Vasiliki, where a  protected by a  was  in – for  the  crop. Remains of and polygonal s exist at Kaligoni (south of Amaxikhi), probably the site of the ancient  of Neritus (or Nericus), and of the later and lower ian settlement of Leucas. From this point a  seems to have crossed to. Between the and  Santa Maura extends a remarkably fine   partly destroyed along with the  by the  of. Forts Alexander and Constantine commanding the are relics of the n occupation; the other forts are of - origin. The magnificent cliff, some 2000 high, which forms the southern termination of the modern  still bears the substructions of the  of Leucatas (hence the modern name undefined). At the  of  a  was obliged to plunge from the summit into, where, however, an effort was made to pick him up; and it was by the same heroic leap that  and Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis, are said to have.  SANTANDER, a province in the north of Spain, on the shores of the Bay of Biscay, bounded on the E. by Biscaya, on the S. by Burgos and Palencia, and on the W. by Leon and Oviedo. The area is 2113 square miles. The province is mountainous in character, being traversed from east to west by the Cantabrian chain, which in the Picos de Europa reaches a height of over 8700 feet, and sends off numerous branches to the sea. On the north side of the range the streams are all short, the principal being the Ason, the Miera, the Pas, the Besaya, the Soja, and the Nansa, which flow into the Bay of Biscay ; part of the province lies to- the southward of the watershed, and is drained by the upper Ebro. The valleys of Santander are fertile, and produce various kinds of grain, maize, pulse, hemp, flax, and vegetables. Oranges, lemons, grapes, figs, and other fruits flourish, and forests of oak, chestnut, walnut, and fir cover the hills. Rich pasturage for cattle and swine and a good supply of game are also found among them, and the fisheries along the coast are likewise productive. Foreign capital has been success- fully applied to the development of lead, coal, and iron mines ; and the mountains contain quarries of limestone, marble, and gypsum, and abound with mineral springs. The district was part of the Roman province of Cantabria, which, after passing under the empire of the Goths, became the principality of the Asturias. The portion called Asturia de Santa Juliana, or Santillana, was included in the kingdom of Old Castile, and, on the subdivision of the old provinces of Spain in 1833, became the province of Santander. The people are of a purer race than in parts of Spain subjected by the Moors, and both in mental and physical qualities show their Teutonic ancestry. The industries of the country are consequently in a flourishing condition, and, besides the natural products above men- tioned, there are foundries, breweries, distilleries, tanneries; cotton, linen, cloth, and flour, mills; brick and tile works; and manufactories of hats, soap, buttons, preserves, and chocolate. The province is traversed from north to south by the railway and high road from Santander by Palencia to Madrid ; the highest point on the railway (Venta de Pazozal) is 3229 feet above ths sea. For purposes of administration the province is divided into eleven partidos judiciales, containing 103 ayuntamientos, and returns two senators and five deputies to the cortes. The population in 1877 numbered 235,299, Besides Santander, the capital, the only places having within the municipal boundaries a population exceeding 5000 are Castro-Urdidles (7623), Valle de Pielagos (5500), Torrelavega (7192), and Valderredible (7240). Santona has 4428, and Laredo 4384. Santillana (1776) has a fine Roman- 