Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 20.djvu/848

Rh 820 ROME [TOPOGRAPHY AND over the Allobroges (schol. on Cic., In Verr., i. 7 ; Liv., Ep., Ivi ; Plin., H.N., vii. 50). It marked the extreme limit of the Forum in this direction (Cic., Pro Plan., 7, 17), as the rostra did at the other end. This arch was dug up and mostly de- stroyed in 1540-50, near the temple of Faustina ; on one of the fragments then discovered was inscribed Q. FABIVS. Q. F. MAX- SVMVS. AED. CVR. REST. About twenty-five other fragments were found in 1882. 1 The arch of Augustus, erected in 29 B.C., also stood near this point, but its exact site is uncertain. An inscribed block of its attic was found during the excavations of 1540-50. nple The temple of Faustina the elder stands at the east angle of the faus- Forum, facing the later line of the Sacra Via. It is prostyle hexa- u style, and has monolithic columns of cipollino and a rich entabla- ture of Greek marble, with graceful reliefs of griffins and candelabra on the frieze. 2 The walls are of massive peperino, once lined with marble. On the front is inscribed DFVO. ANTONINO. ET. DIVAE. FAVSTINAE. EX. S. C. This temple, built by Antoninus Pius in memory of his wife, who died in 141, was after his death dedicated also to him, and the first line was then added (Capitolinus, Ant. Pius, 6). At an early period it was consecrated as the church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda, and a great part of its cella has been destroyed. The front is now excavated to the original level. This temple is shown on the reverse of several coins of Antoninus Pius ; some have the legend DEDICATIO. AEDIS. nple The space between the north-west end of the Forum and the )on- Tabularium is occupied by a range of important buildings (see Plate L VII.). The chief of these is the temple of Concord (see Festus, ed. Miiller, p. 347) shown on a fragment of the marble plan, founded by Camillus in 367 B.C. (Plut, Cam., 42), and rebuilt by the brothers Tiberius and Drusus out of the spoils gained in Germany ; it was rededicated in 10 A.D. (Suet., Tib., 20 ; Dion Cass., Iv. 25). It is shown with unusual minuteness on the reverse of a first brass of Tiberius. It is probable that an earlier restoration was carried out by L. Opimius in 121 B.C. (Plut., C. Gracch., 17 ; Appian, Sell. Civ. , i. 26). The existing remains 3 are of the rebuilding by Tiberius and Drusus, and show that it was unusual in plan, having a large cella much wider than its depth, and a very large projecting portico. Its construction is an interesting example of the Roman use of many different materials. The lower part of the walls was of massive tnfa blocks, the upper part of the cella of travertine ; and the inner low wall, which supported ranges of internal columns, was of mixed concrete, tufa, and travertine. The whole was lined with marble, white outside, and rich Oriental marbles inside (see fig. 5), which were also used for the pavement. The door-sill is made of enormous blocks of porta santa marble, in which a bronze caducous (emblem of Concord) was inlaid. Between the internal columns of the cella stood rows of statues ; and the temple also contained a large collection of pictures, engraved gems, gold and silver plate, and other works of art, mostly the work of ancient Greek artists (see Plin., H.N., xxxiv. 19, xxxv. 36, 40, xxxvi. 67, xxxvii. 2). On the apex of the pediment was a group of three figures embracing ; the tympanum was filled with sculpture ; and statues were set in the open porch. Though now only the podium and the lower part of the cella wall exist, with foundations of the great flight of steps, many rich fragments both of the Corinthian entablature and of the internal caps and bases are preserved in the Capitol ; and some of the marble lining is still in situ. The Einsiedeln MS. 4 gives part of the inscription of the front S . P . Q . R . AEDEM . CONCORDIAE . VETVSTATE . COLLAPSAM . IN . MELI- OREM . FACIEM . OPERE . ET . CVLTV. SPLENDIDIORE . RESTITV- ERVNT.5 Another temple of Concord, built in 219 B.C., stood on the Capitoline Arx (Liv., xxii. 33, xxvi. 23) ; and a bronze sedicula of Concord in the Area Vulcani, which must have been close by the great temple. This was dedicated by Cn. Flavius, 305 B.C. (see Liv., ix. 46); according to Pliny (H.N., xxxiii. 6) it stood "in Grsecostasi, quse tune supra Comitium erat." Both these were probably only small shrines. nple The temple of Vespasian stands close by that of Concord, abutting Ves- on the Tabularium in a similar way, and blocking up a doorway ian. at the foot of a long flight of steps (see fig. 1). It consists of a nearly square cella with prostyle hexastyle portico of the Corinth- ian order ; three of the columns are still standing, with their rich entablature, the frieze of which is sculptured with sacred instru- 1 Ann. Inst., 1859, p. 307 ; Not. degliScavi, 1882, p. 225. 2 This finely sculptured frieze is almost an exact copy of that on the temple of Apollo at Miletus. 3 The size of the earlier and smaller temple is indicated by the rough blocks on the face of the wall of the Tabularium, close against which the temple stands. When the Tabularium was built it was not thought worth while to dress to a smooth face that part of its wall which was concealed by the then existing temple of Concord. The anonymous writer of this MS. appears to have visited Rome in the 9th century. The MS. is named after the monastery in which it in preserved. 4 Little is known of the Basilica Opimia, which probably adjoined the earlier temple of Concord, and the existing building appears also to have occupied the site of the Senaculum (see Festus, ed. Miiller, p. 347). For various exciting scenes which took place in the temple of Concord and on its steps, see Cic., Phil., vii. 8; SaUust, Bell. Cat. ments. The walls are of enormous blocks of travertine with strong iron clamps ; the whole was lined with white Pentelic marhlt; outside, and inside with coloured Oriental marbles. There was an internal range of columns, as in the temple of Concord. This temple was built by Domitian, c. 94 A.D., in honour of his lather * r.sp.'isiaii. The inscription on the entablature, given in the Einsiedeln MS., re- cords a restoration by Severus and Caracalla DIVO. VESPASIANO. AVQVSTO. S. P. Q. R. IMPP. C AESS. SEVER VS. ET. ANTONINVS. PII. FELIC. AVGKJ. R[ESTITVER]VNT ; part of the last word only now exists. 6 In the narrow space between the temples of Concord and Ves- pasian (only about 7 feet in width) a small brick and concrete wdicula stands against the Tabularium. This has been wrongly called a shrine of Faustina, on the authority of a small inscriln d pedestal found near it; 7 but there is clear constructional proof that it is contemporary with the temple of Vespasian, and is there- fore of the time of Domitian. 8 It may possibly have been a shrine dedicated to Titus, whose name does not occur in the inscription of the adjoining temple, though the catalogue in the Curiosum, Reg. ix., mentions a dedication to both father and son. 9 The next building is the Porticus XII. Deorum Conscntium, a Portion large marble platform facing the Clivus Capitolinus, with a row of XII. small rooms or shrines partly cut into the tufa rock of the hill Deorun: behind. This conjunction of twelve deities was of Etruscan origin ; they were six of each sex and were called Senatus Deorum (Varro, L.L., viii. 70, and De Re Ritst., i. I). 10 The columns are of cipol- lino with Corinthian caps ; on the frieze is an inscription record- ing a 'restoration by Vettius Pnetextatus, prsefect of the city in 367 A.D. Under the marble platform is a row of seven small rooms, the brick facing of which is of the Flavian period, used as offices (schola) for scribes and prsecones of the ft'dilcs. It is usually called the Schola Xanthi from an inscription, now lost, recording its re- storation by A. Fabius Xanthus and others, and the erection of seven silver statues of gods (Gruter, Inscr., 170, 3). 11 The arch of Severus stands by the rostra, across the road on the Arch o north-east side of the Forum ; the remains of the ancient travertine Severns curb show that originally the road went along a rather different line, and was probably altered to make room for this great arch. It was built in 203 A.D., after victories in Parthia, and was origin- ally set up in honour of Severus and his two sons Caracalla (here called M. Aurelius Antoninus) and Geta. Caracalla, after murder- ing Geta, erased his name from all monuments to his honour in Rome. Representations of the arch on coins of Severus show that its attic was surmounted by a chariot of bronze drawn by six horses, in which stood Severus crowned by Victory ; at the sides were statues of Caracalla and Geta, with an equestrian statue at each angle. The arch, except the base, which is of marble-lined travertine, is built of massive blocks of Pentelic marble, and has large crowded reliefs of victories in the East, showing much deca- dence from the best period of Roman art. The central space of the Forum is paved with slabs of travertine, Centra much patched at various dates ; it appears to have been marked space < out into compartments with incised lines (see Plate VII.), the use Forum of which is not known. la Numerous clamp-holes all over the paving show where statues and other ornaments once stood. The recorded number of these is very great, and they must once have thickly crowded a great part of the central area. Two short marble walls or plutei covered with reliefs, discovered in 1872, stand on the north side. Their use and original position are not known, as the rough travertine plinth on which they have been set is evidently of late date. Each of these marble screens has (on the inside) reliefs of a fat bull, boar, and ram, decked out with sacrificial wreaths and vitfce the suovetaurilia. On the outside are scenes in the life of Trajan : one has the emperor seated on a suggestus instituting a charity for destitute children in 99 A.D. a scene shown also in one of his first brasses with the legend ALIMfENTA] ITALIAE; 13 at the other end the emperor stands on the rostra, on which the two tiers of beaks are shown ; he is addressing a crowd of citizens. The backgrounds of this and the other relief are of great topographical interest. In the first is shown the long line of arches of the Basilica Julia, with (on the left) what is probably the temple of Castor and the arch of Augustus. On tne right are the statue of Marsyas and the sacred fig-tree (ficus ruminalis), 14 6 See Piale, Tempi di Vespasiano e Concordia, 1821. 7 Tin's pedestal is now on the ground floor of the Capitoline Muspum ; its inscription is interesting, being a dedication to Faustina by a viator (messen- ger) of one of the qusestors of the .ajrarium Saturni. Its discovery near this rcdicula was probably accidental. 8 Exactly that part of the marble plinth of the temple of Vespasian which was concealed by the eedicula is left rough, the moulding not being worked, showing that the little shrine is not an addition later than the temple. 9 See Preller, Segionen der Stadt Rom, Reg. ix., and Uhlrichs, Codex Topog. liom.se, Reg. ix. 10 Twelve gilt statues are mentioned by Varro. " See Grin", Gli Consenti e loro Portico, 1858. 12 They may possibly have had something to do with the marshalling of the voters of the Comitia Tribute. 13 Cohen, vol. ii. 303-300. W Pliny (H.N., xv. 20) mentions another fig-tree in the middle of the Forum, which may possibly be the one here represented.