Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 20.djvu/246

Rh 228 RAILWAY per day, which would make upwards of 40,000 per annum. But at any moment half the engines may be taken as in reserve or under repair, which reduces the average performance per engine of the whole stock to some 20,000 miles per year, and the circum- stances of many lines do not admit of such high averages of mileage run. Taking the twenty-one leading lines in detail, following the selection already made to show the quantities of working stock, the number of train miles run on the different lines in 1883 is shown in Table VII. as follows : Railway. V'-St >*0 Average Number of Loco- motives. Train Miles run. Miles run per Engine. Passenger. Goods and Minerals. Total. ENGLAND AND WALES. Metropolitan 22 5S 1,443,401 3,794 1,447,195 24,950 Metropolitan Dis- trict 16 39 1,191,966 5,719 1,197,685 30,710 North London. . 12 87 1,705,749 285,085 1,990,834 22,880 London, Chatham, and Dover 100 168 3,152,077 678,173 3,830,850 22,800 London and Soutli- Western 721 456 8,001,548 3,045,365 11,046,913 24,220 South-Eastern. . 370 322 4,930,330 1,416,949 6,347,279 19,710 London and North- Western 1784 2424 18,931,111 19,395,461 38,326,572 15,810 London and Bri ir hton 130 404 6,521,451 1,427,306 7,948,757 19,680 Great Eastern. . 1032 608 8,486,358 5,334,027 13,820,385 22,730 Great Western. . 2254 1565 14,298,157 16,047,939 30,346,096 19,390 Manchester, Shef- field, and Lin- colnshire 814 496 4,507,290 5,065,879 9,573,169 19,300 Great Northern. . 770 726 8,091,256 8,238,177 16,329,433 22,490 Lancashire and Yorkshire 493 815 7,602,008 5,467,541 13,069,549 16,040 Midland 1378 1605 13,105,400 19,981,855 33,087,255 20,620 North-Eastern. . 1521 1462 9,681,906 14,763,232 24,445,138 16,720 SCOTLAND. Glasgow and South-Western 331 285 2,230,838 2,294,680 4,525,518 15,880 North British 1002 563 5,032,790 6,428,496 11,461,286 20,300 Caledonian 872 690 5,232,096 6,617,610 11,849,703 17,170 IRELAND. Midland Great Western 425 100 1,104,971 682,651 1,787,622 17,880 Great Southern and Western. . 478 160 1,678,691 1,164,993 2,843,684 17,780 Great Northern. . 503 127 1,851,768 783,148 2,634,916 20,750 TABLE Till. Duties performed by Engines of Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway. Half-year ending 31st Dec. 1857. Half-year ending 31st Dec. 1883. 115 505 Tenders 431 Number of hours in steam With passenger trains ) ( 246,674 With goods trains 95,337 376,576 With ballast trains j ( 19,746 Shunting, 49,093 621,000 Standing 28,842 421,430 Total hours in steam 173,272 1,685,426 Train miles run by engines 693,921 2,343,689 Goods 360,243 Cattle 8,772 Mixed 87,244 Coal 94,189 Stone 162 Total goods and mineral 550,610 2,614,546 Total train miles 1,244,531 4,958,235 Ballast (8 miles per hour) 1,045 73,292 Shunting (6 miles per hour) 1,123,242 Assisting 34,250 33,304 Empty 81,327 253,794 Total engine miles 1,361,153 6,441,867 Difference of engine miles and train miles 116,622 1 483 632 Difference per cent, of train miles .... Fuel consumed Coke 9-37 12,076-3 tons 29-9 Coal 11,484-0 117 679 tons Per train mile run 42-4 lb 53-4 lb ,, engine mile run 38-8 tt> 40-9 lb ,, hour in steam 304-5 lb 100-5 lb Cost for fuel per train mile, at 6s. 5-42d. per ton l'84d Cost for fuel per engine mile .... l'41d. ,, per hour in steam 6'40d. In general the lines of preponderating passenger-train miles run the greater number of miles per engine. The small mileage per engine of the London and J^orth- Western line, with a relatively small goods-train mileage, is partly explained by the fact that this company had 141 duplicate locomotives in 1883. Engines run many miles unavoidably "empty," that is, without a train, the proportion of the empty or unprofitable mileage depending on tin- traffic and the nature of the line. A line with locally heavy gradients must have "assistant" or "pilot" engines in readiness to assist the trains up the inclines, and such engines usually have to return empty to the depot ; and in cases of special trains empty engines are run to or from the train, as the case may happm. Engines, especially assistant engines, may have to stand "in steam " or with the steam up and the fire in good order, in readi- ness to act when required. Some railway companies register the whole time the engines are in steam, also the assistant, ballasting, and empty mileage run, besides the time on active duty and the train miles run. The nature of the duty of goods engines, which is various, is also distinguished, so as, in short, to make a complete record of the work done. Thus for the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway Table VIII. (see above) gives the duties performed by the engines during the second half-years of 1857 and 1883. The times of engines assisting and running empty are included in the hours in steam with trains, passenger and goods respectively. There were about 170 engines employed in shunting and marshalling trains. The relative percentages of the hours the engines were in steam and of miles run on different duties in the second half-year of 1883 are given in Table IX. : Service. Hours in Steam. Miles run. Passenger trains Per cent. 14-6 Per cent. 36-4 Goods and mineral trains 22-4 40-6 Passenger, goods, and mineral trains Ballast trains 370 1'2 77-0 1-1 Shunting 36-8 17-4 Assisting C included in pass- } 5 Empty 4-0 Standing 25'0 Total 100-0 100-0 The proportion of extra engine mileage to the work done in hauling goods, minerals, and passengers varies very much on dif- ferent systems, according to the nature of the traffic, for by far the greater part of it arises in connexion with goods and minerals, which itself is a very varying quantity. The train mile, therefore, that is, the revenue - producing train mile though it is the simplest and handiest unit of performance, is not an absolute measure of work done. The shunting or marshalling of trains is an item not indicated by train mileage, and yet it is hard work and occupies as many hours in steam as the train mileage. Again, the fuel consumed, reckoned only on the train mileage run, amounts to 53 tt> per mile run ; but, reckoned on the total mileage run by engines, in which the extra mileage, whether ballasting, shunting, or assist- ing, is hard work, it amounts only to 41 lb per mile run. On the London and North - Western Railway in 1874 the total shunting time was 613,472 hours of one engine about the same as on the Sheffield line in 1883 and on this work 171 engines were constantly employed, marshalling and classifying the trains in the sidings. A like number, so employed on the Sheffield line, amount to one-third of the total locomotive stock. Traffic. Before the establishment of the railway from twenty Pas to thirty coaches 'ran daily between Manchester and Liverpool, eng whereas the railway carried 700,000 passengers during its first trai eighteen months. Wherever railways were made the carriage of passengers was found to be one of the most remunerative sources of traffic. Nearly fifty years ago Porter, in his Progress of tJie Nation (1836), estimated that in Great Britain 82,000 persons daily, or 30,000,000 per annum, travelled by coach an average distance of about 12 miles each, at an average cost of 5s. for each passenger, or 5d. per mile, whereas in 1881 upwards of 600,000,000 pass- engers travelled by railway at a cost, taking averages, of lOid. each, which at the average rate of say 1 Jd. per mile travelled would represent an average length of 8 miles, at one-fourth of the cost and in one-third of the time required by coach. Table X. shows the total number of passengers of each class conveyed in 1883 : Country. First Class. Second Class. Third Class and Parlia- mentary. Total. England and Wales Scotland 29,807,866 4,790,982 59,083,508 2,835,687 523,420,384 44 404,858 612,401,758 52,031,527 Ireland 1,699,029 4,177,589 13,408,234 19,284,862 | Total 36,387,877 06,096,784 581,233,476 683,718,137 * The proportions of passengers, independent of season-ticket holders, were as follows (Table XI.) : 1 Season-ticket holders in addition : England and Wales, 570,686 ; Scotland, 37,924 ; Ireland, 23,440 ; total, 632,050.
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