Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 20.djvu/130

Rh 118 P U S P U Y to learners. Whatever he wrote was relative to the controversies of his time, and as a controversialist he holds a place which is unique among his contemporaries. He had an almost unrivalled power of massing his evidence, of selecting from an author just so much as was pertinent to the point under discussion, and of ignor- ing or depreciating statements which were at variance with the views which he advocated. As a party leader he combined great enthusiasm with indefatigable energy and tenacity of purpose ; he chose his positions beforehand with great skill, and never after- wards abandoned them. But he does not seem to have had any great logical power : he builds elaborate arguments upon words of shifting connotation, such as " faith " and " church, ' and slides unconsciously from one meaning to another. Nor is there any evidence that he ever faced the historical difficulties which the position of the Church of England presents from tlfe Catholic point of view, and which ultimately led to Newman's secession. He lived in Christian antiquity, and his arguments seldom touched any but sympathetic natures. Unlike Newman, who appealed to the cul- tured intellect of his time, he never caught the modern spirit. The result was that after Newman's departure the party of which Pusey was the head never made a single convert of mark. The intellect of Oxford and of England drifted away from it ; and, in spite of the eloquence of some of its advocates, " Pusey ism " does not now number among its adherents any one who exercises an appreciable influence upon the intellectual life of England. In fact Pusey survived the system which had borne his name. His followers went beyond him, or away from him, in two direc- tions. On the one hand, his revival of the mediaeval doctrine of the Real Presence, coinciding as it did with the revival of a taste for mediaeval art, naturally led to a revival of the mediaeval cere- monial of worship. With this revival of ceremonial Pusey had little sympathy : he at first protested against it (in a university sermon in 1859) ; and, though he came to defend those who were accused of breaking the law in their practice of it, he did so on the express ground that their practice was alien to his own. But this revival of ceremonial in its various degrees is now the chief external characteristic of the movement of which he was the leader ; and "Ritualist" has thrust "Puseyite" aside as the designation of those who hold the doctrines for which he mainly contended. On the other hand, the pivot of his teaching was the appeal to primitive antiquity. It was an appeal which had considerable force as against the vapid theology of the early part of the century, and as a criterion of the claims of Catholicism. But it lost its force, and his followers came to substitute for it an appeal to the prin- ciples of an a priori philosophy, some of which were borrowed from Thomism and some, though at second hand, from Hegelian- ism. Nor is it probable that Puseyism will revive again. On the one hand, an appeal to primitive times which is divorced, as was Pusey 's appeal, from the history of those times must necessarily fail in an age in which the spirit of historical inquiry is abroad ; on the other hand, however excellent the maxim may be which Pusey put in the forefront of his arguments, Quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab omnibus, yet, when limited, as Pusey limited it, to the statements of particular writers and the current beliefs of particular ages, it becomes a mere paradox and ceases to afford a logical basis for any system of doctrine. (E. HA.) PUSHKIN. See POUSHKIN. PUSHTU. See AFGHANISTAN, vol. i. p. 238. PUSTULE, MALIGNANT, a contagious disease com- municated to man from certain animals (especially cattle, sheep, and horses) suffering from splenic fever. This malady will be referred to under WOOLSORTER'S DISEASE, of which it forms a variety. PUTEOLI. See POZZUOLI. PUTNEY, a suburb of London in the county of Surrey, is situated on the right bank of the Thames, about 8 miles above London Bridge by the river and 4 miles west of Hyde Park Corner by road. The picturesque old timber bridge connecting it with Fulham on the left bank of the river, and erected in 1729, is superseded by a structure of iron and granite. Putney is the headquarters of London rowing and the starting-point for most important boat-races. It consists chiefly of the old-fashioned High Street leading to Putney Common, and various streets of villas and houses inhabited by the middle classes. The church of St Mary near the bridge was rebuilt in 1836, with the exception of the picturesque old tower. Among the benevolent institutions are the almshouses of the Holy Trinity, founded by Sir Abraham Dawes in the reign of Charles II. ; the waterman's school, founded in 1684, for the education of watermen's sons ; and the royal hospital for incurables. To the south-west of the town is Putney Heath, 400 acres in extent, formerly a great resort of highwaymen and duellists. Putney is included within the metropolitan area. The population of the registration sub-district (area, 2235 acres) in 1871 was 9439, and in 1881 it was 13,235. Putney occurs in Domesday as "Putelei," and subsequently appears as " Puttenheth " and "Pottenheth," gradually contracted into "Putney." The ferry was in early times of considerable importance. During the Parliamentary wars the heath was fre- quently occupied by troops, the headquarters of the generals being in the village. Putney was the birthplace of Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, and of Gibbon the historian. PUTREFACTION. See FERMENTATION, vol. ix. pp. 97, 98. PUTTY is a kind of cement composed of fine powdered chalk intimately mixed with linseed oil, either boiled or raw, to the consistency of a tough dough. It is principally used by glaziers for bedding and fixing sheets of glass in windows and other frames, by joiners and painters for filling up nail-holes and other inequalities in the surface of wood-work, and by masons for bedding ashlar-work. The oxidation of the oil gradually hardens putty into a very dense adherent mass. When putty is required to dry quickly, boiled oil and sometimes litharge and other driers are used. " Putty powder " or " polisher's putty " is oxide of tin in a state of fine division used for the polishing of glass, hard metals, granite, and similar substances. PUY, LE, or more precisely LE PUY EN VELAY, chief town of the department of Haute-Loire, France, 352 miles from Paris by rail and 270 in a direct line, rises in the form of an amphitheatre at a height of 2050 feet above sea-level upon Mont Anis, the hill that divides the left bank of the Dolezon from the right bank of the Borne (a rapid stream which joins the Loire 3 miles below). From the new town, which lies east and west in the valley of the Dolezon, the traveller ascends the old feudal and ecclesiastical town through narrow steep streets, paved with slippery pebbles of lava, to the cathedral commanded by the fantastic pinnacle of Mont Corneille. Mont Cor- neille, which is 433 feet above the Place de Breuil (in the lower town), is a steep rock of volcanic breccia, sur- mounted by a colossal iron statue of the Virgin (53 feet high, standing on a pedestal 23 feet high), cast after a model by Bonassieux out of 213 guns taken at Sebastopol. The monument is composed of eighty parts fitted together and weighs 98| tons. Another statue, that of a bishop of Puy, also sculptured by Bonassieux, faces that of the Virgin. From the platform of Mont Corneille a mag- nificent panoramic view is obtained of the town, and of the volcanic mountains, which make this region one of the most interesting parts of France. The Romanesque cathedral (Notre Dame), dating from the 6th to the 12th century, has a particoloured facade of white sandstone and black volcanic breccia, which is reached by a flight of sixty steps, and consists of three tiers, the lowest composed of three high arcades opening into the porch beneath the nave of the church; above are three windows lighting the nave ; and these in turn are surmounted by three gables, two of which, those to the right and the left, are of open work. Two side porches lead to the cathedral by the transept The bell-tower (184 feet), which rises behind the choir in seven stories, is one of the most beautiful examples of the Romanesque transition period. The bays of the nave are covered in by octagonal cupolas ; the central cupola forms a lantern. The choir and transepts are barrel -vaulted. The cathedral has mural paintings of the 12th and 13th centuries, an open-work Romanesque screen surrounding the sanctuary, and a manuscript Bible belonging to the 9th century. The cloister, to the north of the choir, is striking