Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/905

Rh At one time, therefore, her relation to or control of the must have formed a considerable part of her. To this also is traced her ancient name of Ὄγγα or Ὄγκα at. How she came by the name of Glaucopis, i.e., “-d,” by which she is so frequently addressed in the , is not satisfactorily explained, least of all by the recent theory, which, interpreting it as “-ed,” maintains that the goddess had originally the of an, and appeals to certain rude  s and s found on the supposed site of , with s intended to be , but yet not much unlike the  of an. As the goddess of victory she was called Nike, and it was to her in this capacity that the edifice known as the Temple of the Wingless Victory was erected on the of. Hippia was her title as the tamer of s., at , was the first mortal whom she taught to s. For , on the  of , she d the ed. Besides, the chief seats of her outside of  were , ,  (in , where, with the title of Alea, warm, fostering, she had a celebrated ), , , and in , at , where it survived after her image, the , which had fallen from , had been removed to  or , both of which claimed to have received it. At an ancient image of her existed in the, and was regarded with peculiar , even in the times when men were familiar with the splendid  of her by  in the. Except at, little is known of the or s which attended her. There we have—(1.) The ceremony of the Three Sacred Ploughs, by which the signal for was given, and, apparently, dating from a period when  was one of the chief s of her pers; (2.) The Procharisteria, at the end of, at which all the s offered ; (3.) The Skirophoria, with a procession from the  to the village of , in the height of , the s who were to offer  to Athena walking under the shade of s held over them; (4.) The Oschophoria, at the  season, with s among boys, and a procession, with  of  and ; (5.) The Chalkeia, with rites referring to her as a  presiding jointly with  over ; (6.) The Plynteria and Callynteria, at which the ancient image in the  was cleaned, with a procession in which bunches of s were carried; (7.) The Arrhephoria, at which four girls, between seven and eleven years of age, selected from noble families, brought during the night certain sacred objects from the  of  by an underground passage to the ; (8.) The Panathenæa, at which the new s for the  were, before being placed on it, carried through the city, spread like a  on a. The last was attended by, open to all who traced their nationality to. As to of Athena, we have first the rude  which seems to be a copy of the Palladion; secondly, the still rude, but otherwise more interesting,  of her, as, e.g., when accompanying es, on the early painted s; and thirdly, the type of her as produced by, from which little variation appears to have been made. (Author:Alexander Stuart Murphy)  ATHENÆUM, a name originally applied to buildings dedicated to, was specially used as the designation of a in, where  and men of learning were accustomed to meet and read their productions. The for the promotion of learning which the  built at, near the , was also called the Athenæum. and still met and discussed there, but  were given by a staff of professors in, , , and. This species of continued in high repute till the 5th century. The same name was afterwards applied to similar institutions in and ; and it has become a very general designation for literary s or. It has also been used as the title of literary s, particularly of the of  criticism edited by the brothers Schlegel, and the two well-known modern  published in  and.  ATHENÆUS, a and grammarian, or man of letters, was a native of, a  in, near the mouth of the. Exceedingly little is known of his life, but from one or two references to known events which occur in his works it may be gathered that he flourished about the end of the 2d and the beginning of the 3d century A.D. Besides a of the n s, and a small tract on the identification of the thratta, a peculiar kind of, mentioned by the   , both of which are lost, he wrote the extensive work, in fifteen books, called the Deipnosophistæ, i.e., the  of the Learned, or, as it may be translated, the Skilled in ing. The first two books, and parts of the third, eleventh, and fifteenth, are only extant in, but otherwise we seem to possess the work entire. It is an immense store-house of miscellaneous information, largely but not exclusively on matters connected with the table, and full of quotations from writers whose works have not come down to us. It has been calculated that nearly 800 writers and 2500 separate writings are referred to by Athenæus; and he boasts of having read 800 of the  alone. Of many writers we have no remains, save the excerpts given by him; and a glance at any collection of fragments will show how large is the proportion drawn solely from this source. The plan of the Deipnosophistæ is exceedingly cumbrous, and is badly carried out. It professes to be an account given by the author to his friend Timocrates of a held at the house of Laurentius, a wealthy  of. It is thus a within a, after the manner of , but a conversation of sufficient length to occupy several days (though represented as taking place in one) could not be conveyed in a style similar to the short conversations of. Among the twenty-nine guests whose remarks Athenæus reports are and, a yer, supposed to be the famous. Their conversation ranges from the dishes before them to literary matters of every description, including points of and criticism; and the guests are expected to bring with them extracts from the, which are read aloud and discussed at table. The whole is but a clumsy apparatus for displaying the varied and extensive reading of the author. As a work of art it can take but a low rank, but as a repertory of fragments and morsels of information it is invaluable. The text, particularly in the quotations from the minor comic poets, is still in a very corrupt state. 1em  ATHENAGORAS, a, was a native of , and lived during the 2d century A.D. The only sources of information regarding him are a short notice by , and the inscription on his principal work. says that he was at the head of an Alexandrian school (the catechetical), that he lived in the time of and, to whom he addressed his Apology, and that  was his pupil, while  was the pupil of. This statement is thoroughly inaccurate and worthless. The inscription on the work describes it as the “Embassy of Athenagoras, 