Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/709

Rh support the claim, Lie thought to cement the alliance by making the Black Prince count of Flanders. This proposal was badly received by a large body of the people of Ghent, who were dissatisfied with their leader s somewhat arbitrary government. A popular tumult broke out with its usual impulsiveness, and Artevelde was slain.  ARTEVELDE,, son of the above, lived in retirement till 1381. Some years before that date enmity had again arisen between Count Louis of Flanders and the somewhat turbulent citizens of Ghent, who, under one Hyons, had exp lied the count s adherents, plundered his house, and slain several of his officers. Hyons died in 1379, and in 1381 the citizens^ under Peter van der Bosch (Dubois), were closely blockaded by the count. In this emergency Van der Bosch proposed that the son of the great Artevelde should be invited to take the direction of affairs, Philip accepted, at once entered on public life, and by some strong measures secured his power. The inhabitants of Bruges had at this time allied themselves with the count, and Artevelde resolved to punish them. He led out his forces quietly, and utterly defeated the army of the count, who escaped with difficulty. Bruges was plundered, and submitted to Artevelde. Next year the French, taking up the cause of Louis, invaded Flanders, and at Rosbecque completely routed the forces of Ghent. Many thousands were slain, and among them Artevelde himself. The brief but stirring life of this popular leader is admirably treated in Sir Henry Taylor's drama, Philip van Artevelde.  ARTHROPODA. The distinction of Malacostraca, or, and Entoma, or , has been referred to by  as in reality more precise than 's last classification (1766), in which his  form part of the Apterous group of. But whereas the Greek naturalist recognised the notchings which indicate, somites, or body-rings, in Coleoptera and the other groups to which the class-name is now restricted, and in s, under which he comprehended  , several true , and  (Scolecida), he failed to appreciate this as a feature common to the Malacostraca or Scleroderma, which he named on account of the character of their integument. , on the other hand, saw that annulation was the most prominent common feature, and his , therefore, were a good natural group so long as embryology could throw no light on the affinities of the and  —these two groups forming, together with the, , , and , the  Vermes. (1829) includes in the third branch of his scheme, Animalia articulata,, , , and (the  being an order of this class). (1796) proposed a scheme in which the orders of the (as now restricted) formed equivalent groups with the, , and , which now first appear as a distinct group, though still united with a section of the. further, in 1801, recognised the as intermediate between his  and the. gave the value of es to the, the (including therein the ' and '), the , and the. But he has no province answering to the ian ', since these s are, with, (=), and  (='),members of the &ldquo;sensitive s,&rdquo; the  and other   being an  of the Vermes, and therefore apathetic s. , still relying chiefly on external form, recognises four types in the sub- of the bilateral s:&mdash;(Artiomorpha or Artiozoaria), of which the first is Osteozoaria. The second, Entomozoaria, includes: 1. , Insecta proprie sic dicta; 2. , '; 3., decapoda and '; 4. , ', ', '; 5., ' and ; 6. ; 7., '; 8. , ', ', '. The third type, ', is intermediate between the and , and embraces two es: ', ; and , the. The classification of which this forms a part is a compromise between the method of, based on the recognition of distinct plans, and that of , who sketched each group as departing from the common plan of the only by excess of development in one or other direction. The Articulata, viz., ', ', ' (the and  being included), ', and  (the two latter making up all that are now known as ), he distinguished from  by the isolation of their  and their succession, those of the  being dispersed. 's ', as equivalent to, is the expression of the same difference; his ' embrace two sub-s, ' and ', and the  are placed between the and. (1855) divides the Entomozoaria or Annellata into two groups,&mdash;(1.) Arthropoda, including, , , and ; and (2.) Vermes, including , , , , and. and (1845) made the Arthropods a primary division co-ordinate with Vermes, and united the  with the. 's Arthropoda comprise two es, ' and '; the latter combining the s, ', ', and {{lang|la|{{9link|Hexapoda}}. {{9link|Fitzinger}}'s {{lang|la|{{9link|Arthrozoa}}}}, or eminently motor s,, {{9link|Arachnoids}}, and , contrast with the {{lang|la|{{9link|Dermatozoa}}}} or , which are eminently sensitive. {{9link|Baer|Von Baer}}'s  correspond to the ian group under the same designation, and like it represent a type of organisation, the longitudinal or bilaterally symmetrical, the organs being arranged with reference to the axial {{9link|Alimentary Canal|alimentary canal}}. The {{9link|embryo}}logical system of {{9link|Beneden|Van Beneden}} (1855) rests upon the position of the {{9link|vitellus}} relatively to the surface of the {{9link|embryo}}, the being designated by him {{lang|la|{{9link|Epicotyledones}}}} or {{lang|la|{{9link|Epivitellians}}}}, the {{9link|vitellus}} being received into the {{9link|embryo}} on the dorsal or upper surface, while the {{9link|vertebrates}} receive the {{9link|yelk}} on the ventral or lower surface, and are therefore {{lang|la|{{9link|Hypocotyledones}}}} or {{lang|la|{{9link|Hypovitellians}}}}. As will be pointed out afterwards, this nomenclature is unfortunate, since the surfaces thus contrasted are identical, both being the hæmal aspects of the body. It may further be remarked that the term Articulata is manifestly one which should be abandoned, since it is made to represent very different things, being used by, , and to include the ,&mdash;by {{9link|Beneden|Van Beneden}}, {{9link|Vogt}}, and some more recent writers, to their exclusion. Neither is {{lang|la|Arthrozoa}}, the {{9link|Greek Language|Greek}} equivalent of {{lang|la|Articulata}}, more commendable, {{9link|Burmeister}} and {{9link|Fitzinger}} using it with the same difference. But Arthropoda has varied only in the rank assigned to it, not in the area it represents; thus makes it a sub-division of the Annellata; {{9link|Beneden|Van Beneden}},  and, and , a primary division of the {{9link|Animal Kingdom|animal kingdom}}. But as a general designation for those s which are made up of nearly equivalent {{9link|somatome}}s or {{9link|somite}}s is needed, {{9link|Macleay}}'s term {{lang|la|{{9link|Annulosa}}}} is, perhaps, the best, since it has never been used for two incommensurate groups. {{9link|Leach}}, and later (1825), proposed {{lang|la|{{9link|Condylopoda}}}} as the name of the group for which Arthropoda was afterwards devised. Custom has overborne the rule of priority, and the later is now the more common name. The classifications hitherto mentioned rest solely on an anatomical basis, those of {{9link|Baer|Von Baer}} and {{9link|Beneden|Van Beneden}} {{hws|deal|dealing}} {{div col end}}