Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/691

Rh sheep are fed on tlie island. Game is abundant, consisting of blackcock and grouse. A few red deer and a number of wild goats still find shelter among the mountains. The geology of the island is an epitome of that of Scot land. The mountains of the north, especially Goatfell, consist of granite, surrounded on the flanks by micaceous and argillaceous slates ; lying on the edges of the slate are well seen red sandstone and conglomerate, especially on the eastern shores, but easily traceable across the island. On the eastern side limestone, containing Carboniferous fossils, is found at several points intercalated among the red sand stones chiefly at Corrie, where several strata divided by shale are quarried. In the southern part of the island the strati fied formations are overlain by a great series of trap-rocks. Several beds of coal were formerly worked on the north east coast. This coal lies low down in the Carboniferous series, at the base of the Carboniferous limestone, or in the &quot; calciferous sandstones.&quot; Numerous veins of most beauti ful pitchstone and pitchstonc-porphyry traverse the red sandstone, especially at Drimadoon and between Brodick and Lamlash. On the mountains are found jasper, agates, cairngorms, and small clear specimens of rock-crystal, called the Arrau diamond. A considerable manufacture of sulphate of baryta as a pigment was at one time carried on in Glen Sannox. The herring fishery is prosecuted by the islanders. Arran possesses two remarkably fine natural harbours, Lamlash Bay, on the south-east of the island, and Loch Ranza on the north-west side. The latter is an indentation of the sea on the north of the island, about a mile in length, and is a place of great resort for .boats engaged in the herring fishing. The ruins of an old castle stand upon a small peninsula near the entrance. Almost the whole island be&amp;gt; longs to the duke of Hamilton, whose seat is at Brodick Castle. The landing-pier for steamers and the principal hotel are at Brodick Bay, where there is a village with church and school. Six miles from Brodick lies the village of Lam lash. Its beautiful semicircular bay, sheltered by the Holy Island, forms an excellent harbour for ships of all sizes. The Holy Isle, an irregular cone 1020 feet high, was once the site of a cell inhabited by St Molios, a disciple of St Columba. Off the south-east point of Arran lies the low rocky islet of Pladda, with a lighthouse having two fixed lights 130 and 77 feet above high water, and visible 1C and 13 miles respectively, in clear weather. It has a telegraph station, from which the arrival of vessels in the Clyde is notified to Glasgow and Greenock. Many parts of the island are traditionally connected with Robert Bruce. Thus one of the largest of the water-worn recesses in the high sandstone cliffs of the west coast is called the king s cave, another is the king s kitchen, a third his cellar, and a fourth his table, while the hill above is the king s hill ; the southern extremity of Lamlash Bay is the King s Cross Point; and an ancient fort in Glencloy is said to have sheltered his men. The antiquities of the island, besides those already men tioned, are Druidical circles (of which the most complete are at Tormore, near Drimadoon, and are called Suidhc Choior Fhionn, or Fingal s cauldron seat), Danish forts, and sepul chral cairns, such as the immense mound, 200 feet in cir cumference, at the head of Glen Meneadmar or Moneymore.

 ARRAS (the Nemetacum of the Romans), a fortified city of France, chief town of the department of Pas de Calais, and formerly capital of the province of Artois. Its name, otherwise Atrecht, is like Artois, a corruption of the name of the Atrebates. It is situated on both sides of the Scnrpe, where that river receives the Crinchon, 32 miles N.E. of Amiens, and 100 miles N.N.E. of Paris. The town is well built and adorned with many handsome edifices, such as the town-house, a beautiful building, dating from 1510 ; the cathedral (1833), on the site of the older Gothic, which was destroyed in the Revolution; the citadel, erected by Vauban, who first employed his lunettes in the defences of the town ; an arsenal, barracks, a theatre, &amp;lt;fec. It is the seat of a bishop, and of a court of assize ; and has a royal society, a college, a diocesan seminary, an institution for the deaf and dumb, and schools of design and belles lettres, as well as a public library of upwards of 40,000 volumes, a picture gallery, museum, and botanical garden. Its chief manufacturers are lace, woollens, hosiery, beet-root sugar, salt, soap, and earthenware ; and there is a large general trade in wine, oil, grain, &c. It was at one time so celebrated for its tapestry that in English its name became identified with the manufacture. The River Scarpe is navigable up to the town. Population in 1872, 27,329. Lat. 50 17 31&quot; N., long. 2 46 49&quot; E. Arras was the chief town of the Atrebates as early as the time of Caesar, and some remains of the Roman town, such as a temple of Jupiter, have been found. In 407 it was destroyed by the Vandals, and by the Normans in 880. It gives name to a treaty concluded in 1414 between the Armagnacs and Burgundians, to another between Philip the Good of Burgundy and Charles VII. of France in 1435, and to a third, in 1482, between Maximilian of Austria and Louis XI. of France, by which Burgundy and Artois were given to the Dauphin as a marriage portion. In 1493 it came again into the possession of Maximilian ; and in 1578 it was held by the prince of Orange. In 1640 troops of Louis XIII. took Arras ; and by the peace of the Pyrenees, in 1659, France was confirmed in the possession of the town. It suffered severely during the Revolution, especially at the hands of the infamous Lebon, who, as well as the brothers Robespierre, was born in the town.  ARREST (from the French arrester, arreter, to stop or stay) is the restraint of a man s person, for the purpose of compelling him to be obedient to the law, and is defined to be the execution of the command of some court of record or officer of justice. Arrests are either in civil or in criminal cases.

I. In Civil Cases.—The arrest must be by virtue of a precept or order out of some court, and must be effected by corporal seizing or touching the defendant s body, or as directed by the writ, capias et attackias, take and catch hold of. And if the defendant make his escape it is a rescous, or rescue, and attachment may be had against him, and the bailiff may then justify the breaking open of the house in which he is, to carry him away. Arrests on mesne process, before judgment obtained, are abolished by 32 and 33 Viet. c. 62, 6 ; an exception, however, is made in cases in which the plaintiff proves, at any time before final judgment, by evidence on oath to the satisfaction of a judge of one of the superior courts, that he has a good cause of action to the amount of 50, that the defendant is about to quit the country, and that his absence will materially prejudice the plaintiff in prosecut ing his action. In such cases an order for arrest may be obtained till security to the amount of the claim be found. Until a recent period a judgment creditor might arrest his debtor under a writ of capias ad satisfaciendum, but since 32 and 33 Viet. c. 62 (the Debtor s Act, 1869), imprisonment for debt has been abolished in England, except in certain cases, and in these the period of detention must not exceed one year. The following persons are privileged from arrest, viz., 1st, Members of the Royal Family and the ordinary servants of the king or queen regnant, chaplains, lords of the bedchamber, &c. This privilege does nut extend to servants of a queen consort or dowager. 2d, Peers of the realm, peeresses by birth, creation, or marriage, Scotch and Irish peers and peeresses. 3d, Members of the House of Commons during the session of Parliament, and for a