Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/690

628 It yields a fugitive bright, and is to some extent used alone, or in conjunction with other s, in the dyeing of s and in.  ARNSBERG, a city of Westphalia, in Prussia, the chief town of a government and circle of the same name, 51 24 N. lat., 8 7 E. long. It is situated on an eminence almost surrounded by the River Ruhr, 44 miles S.E. of Minister, and 58 miles E.N.E. of Dusseldorf. It is the seat of the provincial authorities, and has a court of appeal, a Catholic gymnasium, which was formerly the Benedictine abbey of Weddinghausen, a library, a normal seminary, and a society of agriculture. Weaving, brewing, and dis tilling are carried on, and there are manufactories of white lead, shot, and paper, as well as works for the production of railway plant. Arnsberg was the capital of the ancient duchy of Westphalia (incorporated with Hesse Darmstadt in 1803, and with Prussia in 1816), and was a member of the Hanseatic league. The new part of the town has been built since 1815. Population in 1873, 5123. Near the town are the ruins of an ancient castle once the residence of the earls of Arnsberg, the last of whom, Gottfried, sold his earldom in 1368 to the archbishop of Cologne.  ARNSTADT, an ancient town of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, in Central Germany, about 11 miles south of Erfurt, with which it is connected by rail. The Liebfrauenkirche dates from the 12th century, and contains a number of interesting monuments. There is also a castle, a palace, a town-hall, a gymnasium, and a variety of charitable institutions. The so-called Gunther s Mill is worthy of notice. Leather, cloth, tobacco, weighing-machines, paper, playing cards, chairs, &c., are among the objects of its industry, and a trade is carried on in grain and wood. There are copper-mines in the neighbourhood, as well as tepid saline springs, the waters of which are used for bathing. Population, 8693.  AROK-SZÁLLÁS, a privileged market-town in Hungary, on the Gyongyos, 44 miles N.N.E. of Pesth, with a popu lation of 10,400, largely engaged in the transit trade to Upper Hungary.  ARONA, a town in tlie province of Novara, near the southern extremity of Lago Maggiore. It is well built, and has a gymnasium, an hospital, a port, and dockyard on the lake, and several churches, of which the most important is that of S. Maria, with an altar-piece by Gaudenzio Vinci. There is considerable trade with Germany and Switzerland, and red marble is quarried in the neighbourhood. Count Carlo Borromeo, canonised for his piety and benevolence, was born, in 1538, in the now ruined castle; and on an eminence overlooking the district stands the colossal statue erected in 1697 to his memory by the gratitude of the people. It was executed by Zanello of Pavia and Falcano of Lugano, and is of bronze in the head find hands and feet, and of wrought copper in the remaining portions. It is 66 feet in height, and is raised 46 feet more by its pedestal. It is hollow, and can be ascended from within ; the head affords room for three or four persons, and a beautiful view is obtained through the eyes. Population, 3443.  ARPINO, a town on the River Garigliano (Liris), in the province of Caserta, in Italy, with a population of 10,000, engaged in the manufacture of woollen cloth, parchment, paper, &c. The first of these industries seems to have existed from a very early date, to judge by inscriptions and the dedication to Mercurius Lanarius of the temple which is replaced by the church of S. Maria di Civita. Origi nally a Volscian town, Arpinum passed into the hands of the Samnites, and from them under the dominion of Rome. Its inhabitants became &quot;Roman citizens&quot; in 302 B.C., and received the right of voting in 188 B.C., being enrolled in the Cornelian tribe. The town is chiefly celebrated as the birth -place of Marius and Cicero. The hereditary villa of the orator is supposed to have been situated in the Isola S. Paola, at the mouth of the Fibrenus, where there now stands the monastery of S. Doininico Abbate, in which Hildebrand was once a monk.  ARQUA, a little, about 13 miles S.W. of, with a population of 1100, chiefly known for that connection with which has been so finely commemorated in 's lines— &ldquo;They keep his dust in Arqua, where he died.&rdquo;Childe Harold, cant. iv. st. 31; also st. 59.  ARQUES, a French village in the department of Seine- Infe&quot;rieure, noteworthy for its castle, founded by William, the uncle of the Conqueror, which was the scene of several remarkable sieges, and gave name to the battle of 1589 in which Henry IV. of France defeated the duke of Mayenne and the Leaguers. Of the extensive and massive building almost nothing remains. The village church, dating from the 16th century, is interesting for its sculptures and stained-glass windows. Population, 968. <section end="ARQUES"/> <section begin="ARRACK"/>ARRACK, a name derived from the Arabic araJc (perspiration), and applied to a spirituous liquor distilled in India, Ceylon, and Java, and generally consumed in Eastern countries. In Ceylon arrack is distilled from the fermented juice called toddy, drawn from the unexpanded flower-spathes of various palms, chiefly the Palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis) and the cocoa palm (Cocos nudfera). On the Indian continent a kind of arrack is made from the flowers of the Muohwa tree (Bassia latifolia), besides that derived from palm toddy ; and a large quantity of a nauseous and unpalatable spirit is distilled from rice, which goes by the name of rice arrack. This spirit is consumed by the lower orders and wild tribes of Bengal and Central India. In Java arrack is distilled from the impure molas ses left in the manufacture of raw sugar, fermented with rice, to which a proportion of palm toddy is added. Large quantities of the deleterious spirit so prepared is shipped from Java to the countries of Northern Europe. The habitual use of these inferior liquors in the hot countries in which they are distilled is attended with most disastrous consequences. <section end="ARRACK"/> <section begin="ARRAIGNMENT"/>ARRAIGNMENT (from arraisonner, arraigner, Old Fr., ad rationem ponere, to call to account), a law term, pro perly denoting the calling of a person to answer in form of law upon an indictment. After a true bill h as been found against a prisoner by the grand jury, he is called by name to the bar, the indictment is read over to him, and he is asked whether he be guilty or not of the offence charged. This is the arraignment. His plea in answer to the charge is then entered, or a plea of not guilty is entered for him if he stands mute of malice and refuses to plead. If he pleads guilty sentence may be passed forthwith ; if he pleads not guilty, he is then given in charge to a jury of twelve men to inquire into the truth of the indictment. He may also plead in abatement, or to the jurisdiction, or demur on a point of law. Several defendants, charged on the same indictment, are arraigned together. <section end="ARRAIGNMENT"/> <section begin="ARRAN"/>ARRAN, an island on the west coast of Scotland, near the mouth of the river Clyde, which forms part of the county of Bute. It is about 20 miles in length, by from. 8 to 11 in breadth, and contains a superficial area of 165 square miles, or 105,814 acres, of which about 14,431 are cultivated. This island is ragged and mountainous, parti cularly in the northern part, in which the valleys are deep and romantic. The principal mountain is Goatfell (in Gaelic, Goadh-Bhein, or Mountain of the Winds), 2865 feet above the level of the sea; and a few others, as Beinn Tarsiiin and Ben Noosh, approach the same eleva tion. There are five small lakes and several streamlets in the island. There is little cultivation, the farms being principally pastoral. A good many Highland cattle and <section end="ARRAN"/>