Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/685

Rh and has served as the f uundation of many devotional works, both Roman Catholic and Protestant. In this book Arndt dwells upon the mystical union between the believer and Christ, and his aim is to correct the purely forensic side of the Reformation theology, which paid almost exclusive attention to Christ s death for His people, by drawing attention to Christ s life in His people. Like Luther, Arndt was very fond of the little anonymous book, Deutsche Tkeoloyie, and published an edition with a preface recommending it. The first edition of his True Christianity appeared in 1605. His other works are The Death of Adam and the Life of Christ, Thoughts on various Books of the Bible, The House and the Heart Church, Soul Medicine for the Pestilence, and De Unione Credentium cum Christo. His True Christianity has been translated into English at least twice, and has gone through a great number of editions ; the best known translation is that of A. W. Boehm, Lond. 1720. Several of his sermons are published in R. Nesselmann s uch der Predigten, 1858. Arndt has always been held in very high repute by the German Pietists, and the founders of Pietism, Spener and Storr, repeatedly call attention to him and his writings ; they have gone so far as to compare him to Plato, cf. C. Scheele, Plato und Johan Amdt, Ein Vortrag, &c., 1857. A valuable account of Arndt is to be found in C. Aschmann s Essai sur la Vie, etc., de J. Arndt.  ARNE,, musical composer, was born in London on the 28th May 1710, his father being an upholsterer. Intended for the legal profession, he was educated at Eton, and afterwards apprenticed to an attorney. His natural inclination for music, however, proved irre sistible, and his father, finding from his performance at an amateur musical party that he was already a skilful vio linist, furnished him with the means of educating himself in his favourite art. In 1733 he produced his first work, a setting of Addison s Rosamond, the heroine s part being intended for his sister, who afterwards became celebrated as Mrs Gibber. This proving a success was immediately followed by a burletta, entitled The Opera of Operas, based on Fielding s Tom Thumb. His individuality of style first distinctly asserted itself in the music to Milton s Comus, which was performed at Drury Lane in 1738, and speedily established his reputation. In 1740 he wrote the music for Thomson and Mallet s Masque of Alfred, which is noteworthy as containing the most popular of all his airs Rule Britannia. In the same year he married Cecilia Young, who was considered the finest English singer of the day. Along with his wife he went, in 1742, to Ireland, where he remained two years. On his return to London he was engaged as leader of the band at Drury Lane Theatre (1744), and as composer at Vauxhall (1745). In 1759 he received the degree of Doctor of Music from Oxford. Three years later he produced, at Covent Garden, his opera of Artaxerxes, the popularity of which is attested by the fact that it continued to be performed at intervals for upwards of eighty years. The libretto was a transla tion by Arne himself, very poorly executed, of Metastasio s Artaserse. In addition to his numerous operas, Arne wrote several oratorios, which made little impression at the time, and aro now almost entirely forgotten. His success in this department might have been greater but for the contem porary existence of the transcendent genius of Handel, though his deficiency in grandeur of conception and scien tific resource is enough of itself to account for his failure. He is, however, undoubtedly entitled to a place in the first rank of native English composers. Though inferior to Purcell in intensity of feeling, he has not been surpassed by any of the school as a composer of graceful and attractive melody. There is something akin to genius in such airs as Rule- Britannia and Where the lee sucks, which still retain their original freshness and popularity. As a writer of glees he does not take such high rank, though he deserves notice as the leader in the revival of that pecu liarly English form of composition. Dr Arne died on the 5th March 1778.  ARNHEM, or (according to some the Arenacum of the Romans, Arnoldi Villa in the Middle Ages), the chief town in the province of Guelderland, in the Netherlands, on the right bank of the Rhine along the slope of the Veluwe Hills. It is a clean and prosperous place, in a pleasant and beautiful district, and is much frequented by the wealthy merchants of the Low Countries, whose villas and gardens adorn its environs. The Groote Kerk, or principal church, formerly dedicated to St Martin, and now to St Eusebius, contains, besides other objects of interest, the marble monument of Charles of Egmont. The Stadhuis, or town-house, by Maarten van Rossum, is remark able for the grotesque ornamentation which has earned it the name of the Duivelshuis. There are also a government- house, a court-house, a gymnasium, an orphanage, a hos pital for invalided soldiers (Bronbeek s), a large assembly- hall (Musis Sacrum), a library, a theatre, barracks, and a good number of churches and schools. The town, formerly connected with the Hanseatic League, has still a consider able traffic by river and canal and rail, manufactures tobacco, which is largely cultivated in the neighbourhood, woollen and cotton goods, paper, earthenware, soap, &c., carries on wool-combing and dyeing, and has oil and bark mills. Arnhem was fortified in 1233 by Otho III., duke of Guelders. In 1505 it received the right of coining from Philip of Spain, duke of Burgundy. In 1514 Charles of Egmont took it from the Burgundians. In 1543 Charles V. made it the seat of the Council of Guelders. The States-General got possession of it in 1585, and it resisted all the attacks of the Spaniards. In 1586 Sir Philip Sydney died there from the effects of his wound. The French took the town in 1672, but left it dismantled in 1674. It was refortified by Coehoorn in the beginning of the 18th century. In 1795 it was again stormed by the French, and in 1813 it was taken from them by the Prussians under Biilow.  ARNICA. A genus of plants belonging to the natural order Compositor (composite family). tThe flowers are clustered in heads (capitula), and are surrounded by an involucre composed of two rows of small leaflets called bracts. The outer flowers of the head are strap-shaped (ligulate), and contain pistils only, while the inner or central florets are tubular and have both stamens and pistils. The style is hairy, and the fruit is cylindrical, tapering at each end, and bears at its summit a pappus, consisting of rigid hairs in a single row. The most impor tant species is Arnica montana (mountain tobacco), a perennial plant found in meadows throughout the northern and central regions of the northern hemisphere, but not extending to Britain. It grows on the mountains of Western and Central Europe. A variety of it, with very narrow leaves, is met with in Arctic Asia and America. The heads of flowers are large, orange yellow, and borne on the summit of the stem or branches. The outer ligulate flowers are an inch in length. The achenes (fruits) are brown and hairy. The root, or rather the root-stock, has been used in Pharmacy. It is contorted and of a dark brown colour, an inch or two in length. It gives off numerous simple roots from its under side, and shows on its upper side the remains of rosettes of leaves. It yields an essential oil in small quantity, and a resinous matter called arniciu. Arnica has been used as a stimulant in low fevers, and also in cases of palsy. It is said also to act in promoting perspiration. It is a popular remedy for chil blains, and it is said to prevent the blackness of bruises, 