Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/684

622 interest in them, and gradually acquiring an intense dislike to the profession she had adopted. At last, in 1608, a ser mon preached in the convent chapel produced a great change in her rniud. She now saw that her true duty and happiness lay in the work of the convent ; she inflicted on herself severe penances, persuaded the nuns to adhere rigorously to their vow of poverty, and excluded even her own relatives from, the cloister precincts. The fame of the reformation wrought by her earnestness spread abroad, and when Mine. d Estre es, abbess of Maubuisson, was, on account of her gross mis conduct, removed and sent into confinement among the Filles Penitentes at Paris, Angelique was appointed to take charge of the convent. From this she was forcibly ejected by Mme. d Estrees, and had to be reinstated by a body of the royal archers. For five years she laboured in Maubuis son, and wrought a considerable change in the state of the convent. In 1623 she returned to Port-Royal, and three years later, as their accommodation became too limited for their numbers, the community removed to the house known as Port-Royal de Paris. Here Angelique accom plished what she had long desired ; she was allowed to resign her dignity as abbess, the office was made triennial, and the occupants of it were elected by the nuns. From 1633 to 1636 she acted as superior of a religious commu nity newly instituted in Paris, and then returned, as prioress, to Port-Royal, where her sister Agnes had been elected abbess. In 1648 she, with a few companions, went back to Port-Royal des Champs, and there had opportunities for showing much kindness to the poor, who were oppressed by the disastrous civil wars. Angelique died in 1661, just before the great storm of persecution broke over Port-Royal. Materials for her life are to be found in the general histories of Port-Royal, and in the works of the younger Angelique. A very full memoir of her is given in Miss Frances Martin s work, Angelique Arnauld, Macuiillan, 1873.  ARNDT,, a distinguished German patriot, poet, and historical and miscellaneous writer, was a native of the island of Riigen in the Baltic, which at the time of his birth belonged to Sweden. He was born at Schoritz on the 26th December 1769. The second of a family of eight, he inherited from his father the sound mind in the sound body, good sense, practical sagacity, warm feeling, and a strong will ; and from his mother the earnest, devout, and Christian spirit which animated all his words and deeds. After passing his boyhood in his father s house, familiar with the solitudes of sea and wood, trained in habits of accurate observation and cheerful activity, and stimulated by books to literary attempts of his own, he was sent, in 1787, to the gymnasium of Stralsund. There he studied for two years, and, after spending the next two years in the old home, he en tered, in the spring of 1791, the university of Greifswald, whence he removed to Jena. There he fell under the influence of Fichte, whose teachings he received with eager love, and whose memory remained ever dear to him. Destined for the church, he applied himself at first to the study of theology, but after some years, conscious of no inward call, he renounced that pursuit. In 1796 he became a private tutor at Altenkircheii ; visited afterwards Austria, Hungary, Italy, and France, giving to the world the fruits of his observation in a series of remarkable volumes published in the course of the following years ; and in 1800 settled at Greifswald as &quot; privat-docent &quot; of history and philology. In 1806 he was named professor extraordinary. His special faculty and vocation distinctly revealed themselves in his bold History of Serfdom in Pomerania and Riigen (1803), for which he was denounced by the nobles to the king of Sweden. So convincing was the book that, iu 1806, serfdom was abolished. In his next work, Geist der Zeit (1807), he aimed at a higher mark. He flung down the gauntlet to Napoleon I. who, in the campaigns of Austerlitz and Jena, had laid Germany prostrate before him, and in burning words he called on his countrymen to rise and shake off the hateful yoke. So great was the excitement produced by this appeal that Arndt, to escape the vengeance of Napoleon, took refuge in Sweden. The work passed through fifteen editions, and grew into four volumes, to which a fifth part, entitled Pro Populo Germanico, was added in 1854. Arndt having thus erected the banner of German freedom and unity, devoted himself thenceforth with unflagging courage to the great cause. In pamphlets, poems, and songs he com municated his own enthusiasm to his countrymen ; and he zealously co-operated with Stein in the reorganisation of the army and preparation for the final struggle. The War of Liberation followed, and Germany was free. Long years were, however, to pass before unity was attained. One of the most famous of Arndt s songs was that commencing, &quot; Was ist der Deutschen Vaterland. &quot; After the peace he returned to Germany, edited at Cologne a political journal, entitled Der Wackier (1815-16), and in 1818 was appointed to the chair of history at Bonn. But his bold demands for constitutional reform offended the Diet, and being deprived in the following year, he passed twenty years in retirement and literary activity. In 1 840 he was reinstated in his professorship, and in 1841 he was chosen rector of the university. The revolutionary outbreak of 1848 rekindled in the venerable patriot his old hopes and energies, and he took his seat as one of the deputies to the National Assembly at Frankfort. Seeing no prospect of & satisfactory issue he retired with the adherents of Von Gagern. With rare freshness and vigour he continued to lecture and to write, and on his 90th birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and love-tokens. About a month later, January 29, 1860, he made a peace ful departure out of the world. Arndt was twice married, first in 1800, but his wife died iu the following year in giving birth to a son; he married a second time in 1817. Among his numerous works, in addition to those already named, are Nebenstunden, eine Beschreibung intd Geschichtc der Schottldndischen Inseln und der Orkaden (1820); Die Frage iiber die Niederlande (1831) ; Erinnerungen aus dem dussern Leben (1843) ; Wanderungen und Wandlungen mit dem lieiclisfreiherrn H. K, F. von Stein (1858) ; and a com plete edition of his Gedichte (1860). Lives of Arndt have been written by W. Neumann and Wilhelm Baur; and statues have been erected to his memory at Schoritz, his birth-place, and at Bonn, where he lies buried.  ARNDT,, was a famous Protestant theologian of the 16th century, and may be regarded as the founder of the German Pietism of a later generation. He was born at Ballenstadt, in Anhalt, in 1555, and studied in a variety of universities in Helinstk dt in 1576 ; in Wittenberg in 1577, when the crypto-Calvinist controversy was at its height, and where he took the side of Melanchthon and the crypto-Calvinists ; in Strasburg, under Pappus, who was a strict Lutheran and had a great influence over him ; in Basel, where he studied theology under Sulcer, and also medicine. In 1581 he went back to Ballenstadt, but was soon recalled to active life by his appointment to the pas torate at Badeborn in 1583. After some time his Lutheran tendencies exposed him. to the anger of the authorities, who were of the Reformed church. He found an asylum in Quedlinburg, and afterwards was transferred to St Martin s church in Brunswick. Arndt s fame rests on his writings, which were mainly of a mystical devotional kind, and were inspired by Bernard, Tauler, and Thomas a Kempis. His principal work is Ttie True Christianity, which has been translated into most European languages, 