Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/602

540 in the west. The eastern part of the state, bordering on the, is low and y, and is annually overflowed. Westward the country gradually attains a greater elevation, passing off into s and undulating s, which lead up to the, beyond which, again, an elevated stretches towards the. The do not exceed 2000 feet in height, and the only other great masses of elevation are the  and the. A survey of the whole territory was commenced at the state expense by Dr David D. Owen, in 1857, and two volumes of Reports were published in 1858 and 1860. In the district north of the Arkansas River, the three leading formations are the &ldquo;mill-stone, with its associate s and conglomerate; the subcarboniferous and its associate , s, and s; and the magnesian s, and their associate s, calciferous sand-rocks and , belonging to the lower Silurian period.&rdquo; The  are reported to be very considerable, &ldquo;including , , , , and ; ,  and , rock-, s, -earths, , , , , s, , marly s, s, and .&rdquo; The  ores are said to compare very favourably with those of Silesia, while the   produces a high average percentage of. Of, , and , there are abundant supplies. A great number of mineral and thermal occur in various parts of the state, the most remarkable and most frequented groups lying to the south of the Arkansas in Hot Springs county. The heat of several attains 146° or 148° Fahr. Among what are called natural curiosities may be mentioned the  across Lee's Creek in Crawfurd, the Mammoth Spring in , which is supposed to have underground connection with  in , and is said to pour forth its water &ldquo;at the rate of 8000 (?) barrels per minute,&rdquo; the Bee Rock in White , and the line productions of Magnet Cove. It need hardly be said that there is great variety of in such a state as Arkansas. Along the river &ldquo;bottoms&rdquo; the is dark, rich, and deep, and yields excellent crops. The chief crops cultivated are, , , and , as well as s and. There is a natural of great richness, a complete list of which is given in Dr Owen's second report. The s and s most frequently occurring are s, s, s,, , , , , , , , , , , , , &c. The of Arkansas includes the, , , , , , , , , and , as well as s and  among the mountains. The of the lower districts is decidedly unhealthy, largely on account of the lack of wholesome water; but in the upper regions it is quite salubrious. Hitherto Arkansas has been mainly, but it is rapidly advancing in the development of its , in the extension of its , in the embankment and guidance of its s, in the reclaiming of its waste but fertile lands, in the progress of s and , and in the establishment of al and. At the of 1870 the population amounted to 484,471, comprising 362,115  and 122,169. In 1860 the population amounted to 435,450, so that an increase of more than 10 per cent. has taken place between these two periods, principally in the. The capital is, originally a settlement, situated on the Arkansas River, and occupying a very central position in the state; population, 18,000. Arkansas was first colonised by the, in the 17th century, and in 1720 made a grant of land on the Arkansas to the well-known , but this led to no results of importance. In 1763 the territory was handed over to, but returned to in 1800. In 1803 it was purchased by the, along with the rest of what was then called , and was established as a separate non- in 1819. It was received into the Union as a state in 1836; and during the, 1861-65, its Convention sided with the , joining that organisation May 6, 1861.

, a of, which rises in the, in undefined 39° N., undefined 106° W., 10,000 feet above the , flows with a generally eastward direction through and part of , then turns to the south-east, and so proceeds through the rest of , the north-east part of the , and the state to which it gives its name, and finally falls into the  at  in undefined 33° 40′ N. The length of its course is stated at 2170 miles, and its drainage-area at 178,000 square miles. It receives a large number of tributaries, of which the most important are the, , and. It is navigable for s of about 4 feet draught 40 miles above, and during for some 150 miles further to.

 ARKLOW, a - and in the  of,, 50 miles from , the inhabitants of which are principally engaged in the  and in -. There are -beds on the coast, but the produce requires to be freed from a peculiar flavour by the purer waters of the and  coast before it is fit for food. The ruins of the ancient of the s, demolished in 1649 by, still exist, but there are no traces of the  founded by. In 1789 the insurgents were defeated by the  near Arklow Bridge. Population (1871), 5178.

 ARKWRIGHT,, famous for his s in , was born at  in , in 1732, of parents in humble circumstances. He was the youngest of thirteen children, received but a very indifferent, and was bred to the trade of a. In the year 1760 he had established himself in, where he exchanged the trade of a barber for that of an itinerant -; and having dis-