Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/598

  of this council will be given under its own heading. It requires only to be mentioned here, that after various turns in the controversy, it was finally decided against Arius, that the Son was &ldquo;of the same substance&rdquo; with the Father, &ldquo;very God of very God.&rdquo;  embraced the decision of the council, and resolved to uphold it. Arius and the two bishops of and, who refused to subscribe the creed of Nicæa, were  and  to ; and even , who accepted the creed, but not its s, was d to. Alexander returned to his see triumphant, but died soon after, and was succeeded by, his , who had been the soul of the orthodox party of Nicæa, and with whose indomitable fortitude and strange vicissitudes the further course of the controversy is bound up. This will be explained in detail under the heading, and it only remains for us to sketch at present what is known of the future career of Arius.

Although defeated at the, Arius was by no means subdued. He obtained means of access to Constantia, the sister of the emperor, who, on her death bed, strongly urged her brother to reconsider the question, and to recall the heresiarch from banishment. Restored to court, he, along with the Eusebian party, who, although professing to accept the Nicene doctrine, were in reality indifferent, if not hostile, to it, renewed the theological strife, in which Athanasius was nothing loth to join. Interchanges, now of friendly recognition and now of menace, passed betwixt the emperor and the intrepid bishop of Alexandria, who obstinately refused to reinstate Arius as presbyter. At length, on the banishment of Athanasius to in, Arius returned to to claim his old position; but even in the absence of the bishop the people rose in uproar against the heretic, and the emperor was forced to recall him to. There the bishop was reluctantly compelled to profess his willingness to receive him once more into the bosom of the church, but before the act of admission was completed Arius was taken suddenly ill, while walking with a friend in the evening, and died in a few moments. This was interpreted by the adherents of the Nicene theology as a special interposition of on their behalf, and they openly gave thanks to God in the church. The modern reader will look with less credulity upon an event which was probably quite natural in its occurrence, but he will hardly see any cause in it for lamentation. The character of Arius, if not originally tainted by self-seeking and restless ambition, appears to have gathered something of this taint in the course of his career, and the most impartial student of church history fails to see anything in it to admire beyond the pertinacity of his courage and his faithful devotion to his own opinions.

The Followers of Arius.—The death of Arius, as described above, did not extinguish the Arian party. On the contrary, they continued active and zealous within the church for upwards of fifty years, or till the second general council at, in. Afterwards they may be said to have existed, as a distinct Christian sect, outside the, till about the middle of the 7th century. , while strongly disposed at first to enforce the Nicene decrees, was gradually won to a more conciliatory policy by the influence especially of, and his namesake,. On the other hand, the Nicene doctrine found the most able and ardent defender in, the young who had attended Bishop Alexander at the council, and who shortly afterwards succeeded him in the see of. An unceasing contention ensued betwixt the Eusebian and Athanasian factions of the church. , who succeeded his father in, strongly favoured the former, or semi-Arian party, and successive synods were called with the view of adjusting differences and compelling uniformity of faith. &ldquo;The highways were covered,&rdquo; says an ancient historian (Ammianus, xxi. 15, quoted by Gibbon, vol. iii. 67, Milman's ed.) &ldquo;with troops of bishops galloping from every side to these assemblies.&rdquo; At length the tenet of the Homoiousion was substituted for that of the Homoousion at the Council of  in. But the war of words raged as fiercely as ever during the reigns of (the ) and his successors till after the accession of, under whose auspices the Council of Constantinople was convened and the Nicene doctrine was confirmed and finally accepted as the catholic doctrine of the church. Even then, however, Arianism was warmly espoused by several of the German nationalities then assailing the empire. The entire nation of the became Arian; the  followed their example, till, at the request of their king,, they embraced the catholic faith at the Council of  in. The in, the  in , and the  in , were all for a time zealous Arians, and the heresy maintained its influence amongst the  in the north of  to a later period than elsewhere. Gradually, however, it perished as a distinctive national type of Christianity before the growth of mediaeval Catholicism, and the name of Arian ceased to represent a definite form of Christian doctrine within the church, or a definite party outside of it. Individual Christian teachers of great eminence, such as and, and even , have been accused of Arianism, but even where, as in Milton's case, the accusation seems well founded, the peculiar heresy known by that name has never assumed any influence, or regained, for any length of time, its influence in the church. (Author:John Tulloch)

 ARIZONA, a of the, bounded N. by , E. by , S. by , and W. by  and , with an estimated area of 113,900 square miles. According to the Act creating it a territory in 1863, Arizona comprises all the lands of the formerly belonging to, extending from W. undefined 109° to the  line. Since then, however, the N.W. corner has been ceded to. The territory lies in the basin of the, which enters it in about 37° N. undefined, and forms its western boundary southwards from 36°. In the north there is an extensive but barren, with an average elevation of 7000 feet, through which the cuts its way, and forms one of the most remarkable s in the world, the length being about 300 miles, and the perpendicular walls reaching heights of from 3000 to 6000 feet. South of this plateau is the valley of the Colorado Chiquito (Little Colorado, or Flax River), which joins the Colorado in 36° 15′ undefined N. and 113° undefined W., while further south the ground rises into another plateau, the main portion of which is known as the Mogollon Mountains. In this district the country is reported to be beautiful and fertile, the s covered with noble, and the s clothed with rich grama grass. Further south, again, is the basin of the Gila, with its numerous tributaries, obliquely crossed by detached prolongations of the of. The inhabitants of Arizona are mostly. Of these 4300 Pinas and Maricopas occupy a of 64,000 s on the Gila River; 4000 Papagoes, a wandering tribe in the south-eastern part of the territory, have no grounds allotted them; 4000 Mohaves have 75,000 acres on the Colorado River; 2000 Yumas live near the mouth of the Colorado, but belong to the Mohave reservation; while 1500 Hualapais and 8000 or 12,000 Yavapais and Apaches, without settled habitations, live in a state of continual  with their neighbours. , however, is gradually asserting her claim to those fertile districts. Arizona is rich in —nearly all the s in the south and centre yielding, , , and. ,, and are also present, and  of excellent quality exists in extensive deposits. The are, , , , , , , , , , , ; and, under , s, s, s, s, es, , , and the other s. Much of the land produces two crops in the year. The s are all of inconsiderable size, and the whole of the territory, in 1870, did not amount to more than 9658. The capital is, in Pima ; and the other towns, Arizona City and. Many interesting remains exist of the early inhabitants of this region. See a paper by W. A. Bell, ''J. of Roy. Geog. Soc., 1869; Colorado Exploration; S. W. Cozzens, The Marvellous Country''.