Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/542

Rh A R E A R E were created and organised by Solon to supersede the Ephetee in the trial of certain crimes, what is to be said of their origin as a state council (fiovXr)) 1 Obviously most of their duties as a council were such as must have grown up gradually upon an institution of very high anti quity, such an institution, for example, as the Homeric J3ovj] yepovrwv. Yet there is no direct evidence of the existence of the Areopagus as a council before the time of Solon. It has therefore been suggested that the Areopagitic council appointed by Solon took upon itself the duties of a differently constituted council, which also may have held its sittings on the hill of the Areopagus. This superseded council it was first thought by K. O. Miiller consisted of Ephetse, who, according to the most recent derivation of the name (lirl and enjs = en;?, ferrjs), were the heads of clans. The opinion of Miiller has been adopted by Philippi (Der Are-opag, p. 208). With less probability Wecklein (BerichL d. Munch. Alcad., 1873, p. 38,^.) had suggested the Naucrari. From the time of Solon, except for the change introduced by Ephialtes, the powers of the Areo pagus seem to have remained much the same down to the Roman period, its position in point of respect and influence apparently increasing the longer it continued, though clearly it is too much to say as Cicero does (De Nat. Deor. ii. 29, 74) Atheniensium rempublicam consilio regi Areopagi. But its constitution had been changed by Plutarch s time, possibly long before. It was then presided over by an tVicTTar^s with a K-fjpv^ by his side, and was no longer composed of the retiring archons. The principle of election is not known. (A. s. M.) AREQUIPA, one of the 18 departments of Peru. It lies along the Pacific from lat. 15 to 17 20 S. Its chief productions are silver, alpaca and other wools, sugar, wine, and brandy. The population is stated at 200,000, which is probably in excess. The district is volcanic, and con tains several volcanoes, which appear, however, to be mostly extinct. Of these Misti, otherwise known as the Arequipa, one of the most perfectly cone-shaped of moun tains, occasionally throws out smoke or vapour. It rises to the height of 20,320 feet above the sea. An eruption of Ubinas, a mountain on the eastern boundary of the depart ment, occurred in 1839. AREQUIPA, the chief town of the department, stands at the foot of Misti, in the fertile valley of the Chile, 7775 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 16 16 S., long. 72 31 W. It is divided into five districts Santo Domingo, San Francesco, La Merced, San Augustin, and Miraflores contains 2064 houses, and has a population of about 30,000. In each of the districts there is a monastery and a church ; and besides there are three nunneries in the city. The cathedral is quite modern, the former building having been destroyed by fire in 1849. Solidity rather than beauty is the principal characteristic of Arequipan architecture, as might be expected in a city so liable to suffer from earth quakes. These occur with great frequency, and are some times of great severity; in 1582, 1609, 1784, and 1868 the city was greatly damaged. In general the streets run at right angles, and are wide and well paved. The better houses are all built in the Spanish style, with two or three courts; the walls are massive, and the ceilings vaulted. The material used is a soft magnesian limestone. The town has a faculty of medicine which rivals that of Chu- quisaca in Upper Peru, a university, two academies, a college founded by Grand-Marshal de la Fuente, a public library, established in 1821, two printing-offices, each pub lishing a small newspaper, an hospital, and a foundling asylum. Arequipa is united to Mollenda on the coast by a railroad completed in 1870, 107 miles in length, nearly the whole of which is over a waterless desert. An iron pipe, which supplies Mollenda with water, runs along the line for 85 miles. The railway has now been extended across the Andes, reaching a height of 14,660 feet, to Puno, which is connected with Bolivia by steam navigation across Lake Titicaca. ARES [MAES], in Greek Mythology, the god of war, not, however, of war in its wide sense, including campaigns, the disposition and command of forces, but in its more primitive meaning of a fierce encounter between bodies of men. Neither the causes nor the ultimate effects of war were ascribed to him. He was simply a personification of the wild impetuous spirit with which battles were fought, Ares. From brass coin of the Mamertini. Brit. Mus. Ares. From brass coin of the Bruttii. Brit. Mus. and as such he was conceived as the model of a hero, splendidly armed with cuirass, helmet, shield, and spear, swift, of great size (TrcXwptos), raging (//.aivo/xevo?), mur derous (/5/DoroXotyos), unsatiable of war (arcs TroXeyaoio). Enyo, the furious war goddess, Eris (Strife), Deimos and Phobos (Dread and Alarm), were usually by his side. Even his mother Hera denounces him (Iliad, v. 761) as senseless, and knowing no bounds. It was doubtless only as an illustration of the habitual strife between Hera and Zeus that Ares was accounted their son. When wounded by Diomedes assisted by Athena (Iliad, v. 853, ff.}, he fell with a noise like that of nine or ten thousand men in battle ; and again (Iliad, xxi. 400, ff.}, when Athena wounded him with a stone, he fell, and covered with his fall seven acres of ground. On this latter expres sion it is to be observed, that, while it conveys a picture of broad-strewn carnage consistent with the usual character of Ares, it suggests also, from the measurement given, thoughts of the destruction of cultivated land in war, the more so when taken in connection with the story of Otus and Ephialtes, which reads in the Iliad (v. 385) like a reminiscence from an earlier time, when war was the dread of the husbandman. These two giants, sons of Aloeus, the planter, born very small, but grown by being fed on grain to immense size, and occupied, as their names imply, with husbandry (Otus = cofle w, and Ephialtes = tTrtaAAo/xat), had seized Ares and confined him in a large brazen jar for thirteen months, so that for one year there was entire peace over the fields. If, as is not improbable, the first conception of a war god originated in connection with invasion from non-Hellenic tribes, it would be natural to regard him perhaps more as a ruthless destroyer of fields than of human life, and equally natural that this view of his character should die out when war became, so to speak, a trade, as it had become by the time of the Iliad. Even then he was still recognised as a god whose home was among the warlike Thracians (Iliad, xiii. 298; Odyssey, viii. 361). This, it is true, may have been nothing more than another instance of the Greek tendency to assign a northern or Hyperborean home to deities in whose character something analogous to the stormy elements of nature was found. On the other hand, it appears that the Thraciana and Scythians in historical times (Herodotus, i. 59) wor shipped chiefly a war god, and that certain Thracian settlements, formed in Greece in prehistoric times, left behind them traces of the worship of a god whom the Greeks called Ares. At Thebes, for instance, had been such a settlement, and there, above all the rest of