Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/539

Rh A II E A R E 481 building are carried on to a considerable extent ; and for the repair of vessels there are a graving-dock, which can take in vessels of 1500 tons, and a floating dock and patent slip, which can each accommodate vessels of 500 tons. In 1846 an Act of Parliament was obtained, erecting the town into a burgh, with a corporation consisting of a provost, two bailies, and five town councillors. The public buildings consist of a townhall, the property of the cor poration, and of five churches, belonging to the Established Church, the Episcopal, the Free, the United Presbyterian, and the Evangelical Union denominations respectively. There are three branch banks in the town. The population in 1851 was 2071 ; it was 3929 in 1871 ; and in 1874 it Ls estimated to be 4228. AHEM BERG, a small market-town of Prussia, in the government of Coblentz and circle of Adenau. It is situated not far from the river Ahr, and has a castle which was formerly the residence of the dukes of Aremberg. About the year 1298 the earldom of Aremberg, which had previously belonged to a branch of the house of Hostaden, came by his marriage with Matilda to John of Engelbert, earl of Mark (Westphalia), and continued in his family till 1547, when John of Barbancon, of the celebrated house of Ligne, by marrying the only sister of the childless Robert III., obtained possession of the lands, which were raised by Maximilian II. to a principality, and ranked among the German states. John, who is remembered as the leader of troops from the Netherlands to serve against the Huguenots, having fallen (1568) in the battle of Heiligerlee, was succeeded by his son Philip Charles, admiral of Flanders, who greatly increased his possessions by marrying Ann of Croy, heiress of Croy, Arschot, Chimay, &amp;lt;fec. He died in 1616, and was followed by his eldest son, stadth older of Namur, who, having informed the Spanish government of a conspiracy, was rewarded by arrest (1634) and imprison ment at Berdessillas, where he died in 1640. Under his son, Philip Francis, Aremberg was raised to a dukedom (1644). Alexander Joseph and Philip Charles Francis both fell in battle against the Turks, the former in 1663, and the latter in 1691. Charles s widow, Maria Henrietta, left her country and possessions rather than recognise the duke of Anjou as king of Spain, and lived in dignified poverty till the battle of Ramilies gave back the Netherlands to their right ful possessor. She died in 1744. Her only son Leopold is known in history as a military leader (at Malplaquet, Belgrade, Ettinghen, &c.), and as the patron of Rousseau and Voltaire. His son and successor, Charles Leopold, was distinguished in the Seven Years War as an Austrian field-marshal, and increased his possessions by marriage with Margaret of Mark. By the peace of Luneville (Feb. 1801), the next duke, Engelbert, lost the greater part of Jiis ancestral domain, but received in compensation Meppen and Recklinghausen. On the establishment of the con federation of the Rhine, his son Prosper-Louis (to whom, becoming blind, he had ceded his domains in 1803) became a member (1807), and showed great devotion to the interests of France ; but in 1810 he lost his sovereignty, Napoleon incorporating his dukedom with France and the grand duchy of Berg, and indemnifying him by a rent of 240,702 francs. In 1815 he received back his pos sessions, which were mediatised by the Congress of Vienna, part falling to Prussia and part to Hanover. On account of the one portion he became a peer of the Westphalian estates, and by the other, a member of the House of Lords in Hanover. George IV. of England, on 9th May 1 826, elevated the duke s Hanoverian possessions to a dukedom under the title of Aremberg Meppen. His territory extended over 780 geographical square miles, with 94,000 inhabitants ; of which, 544 square miles, with 50,000 inhabitants, were in Hanover ; besides which he had large estates in France, and extensive tracts of forest in the Pyrenees. His brother Augustus-Raymond (b. 1753, d. 1833) became famous, under the title of Count of Mark, for his connec tion with the French Revolution and his friendship with Mirabeau. Duke Prosper-Louis died in 1861, and was suc ceeded by his son Engelbert. ARENDAL, a sea-port town of Norway on the Skager rack, 35 miles north-east of Christiansand. It is built at the mouth of the river Nidelf, on a number of small islands and rocks, the houses in many places being erected on piles. From its situation, and the number of canals by which it is traversed, it has acquired the name of Little Venice. There is a considerable shipping trade, particularly in iron and timber ; and ship-building, distillation, and iron-mining are carried on. The neighbourhood is remarkable for the number of beautiful and rare minerals found there; one of these, a variety of epidote, was formerly called Arendalite. Louis Philippe lived here a long time during his exile. Population in 1855, 4456; in 1865, 5800. AREOPAGUS (&quot;Apetos vrayos), a small barren hill to the west and within bowshot of the Acropolis of Athens, for an attack upon which it would form a natural base. It was so used (480 B.C.) by the Persians (Herodotus, viii. 52). For the same purpose it had been occupied also in the legendary age by the Amazons, when in the time of Theseus they menaced Athens, and from the circumstance of their having then sacrificed to Ares, the hill, accord ing to ^Eschylus (Eumenides, 685, ff.], derived its name. Assuming the occupation by the Amazons to have been typical of what frequently happened during the hostilities of early times, it is easy to understand how the hill came to be associated with the war god (Kb hler, in the Hermes, 1872, p. 105). To the popular mind the Areopagus was always the &quot;hill of Mars.&quot; But the popular mind required a more definite account of the origin of the name, and to supply this, there took shape the legend of Ares having been here called before a court of the twelve gods to answer for the murder of Halirrhotius (Pausanias, i. 285). This explains at once the origin of the name of the hill and of the court which held its sittings there. ^Eschylus, how ever, gives in the Eumenides a different origin to the court, declaring it to have been first appointed by Athene to try Orestes for the murder of his mother ClytaBinnestra. In later times both legends were dismissed, and the explanation of the name referred to the nature of the cases cases of murder tried before the court (Suidas, s. r., &quot;Apctos rrayos- CTTCl TO. &amp;lt;f)OVlKO. St/Ctt^tl 6 Sc *ApT)&amp;lt;S CTTt TU)V (^OVWJ ). The four legendary cases of murder tried before this court were those in which Ares, Cephalus, Daedalus, and Orestes appeared as the accused. But the selection of this hill as the site of a criminal court, in the first instance, is to be sought for in the sacred relation in which it stood to the worship of the Erinnyes, or Eumenides, and not in its con nection with Mars, for whom it had no sanctity, and between whose worship and that of the Erinnyes K. O. Miiller (Eumenides, p. 178) has not succeeded in proving any community. On the top of the hill towards the east is an artificial plateau accessible from the south by steps cut in the rock. In several places are still to be traced the rock-hewn seats on which the court sat in the open air, so that the judges and the accusers might not be under the same roof with a polluted criminal. The sittings were held by day, not by night, unless the authority of Lucian be accepted (Hermot., 46; De JDomo, 78). Raised upon two unhewn stones (dpyoi i6oC) the accuser and the accused made their pleadings, the stone used by the former being called XtOo-s dvaSeias, &quot; stone of implacability,&quot; not of &quot;impudentia&quot; as translated by Cicero (De Leg., ii. 11), or &quot;impudence,&quot; as given by Dyer (Athens, p. 451); the other was called At tfos v/Spcws, or &quot; stone of crime.&quot; II. Gi