Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/530

Rh 472 ARCHITECTURE [GLOSSARY. hung round at the back and sides with curtains on movable rods. (See CIBORIUM.) In private houses the iron plates behind the fire, where there ara andirons, are sometimes called reredoses. RESPOND, the half pier or pillar at the end of a range of piers and arches, or other arcades ; they are generally exactly half the other piers, with a short piece of wall finishing at right angles to the end or cross wall. RESSAUNT, a sort of flat ogee. A rcssaunt lorymcr (or larmier) is supposed to be an ogee with a drip. RETRO CHOIR. (See BACK CHOIR, PRESBYTERY.) RIB (Fr. nerf d arete, nervure, Ital. costola, Ger. Rippe). (See GROIN RIB, and also GROINED VAULTING.) The earliest groining had no ribs. In early Norman times plain flat arches crossed each other, forming Ogive Ribs. These by. degrees became narrower, had greater projection, and were chamfered. In later Norman work the ribs were often formed of a large roll placed upon the flat band, and then of two rolls side by side, with a smaller roll or a fillet between them, much like the lower member. Sometimes they are enriched with zigzags and other Norman decorations, and about this time bosses becanu of very general use. (See Boss.) As styles progressed, the mouldings were more undercut, richer and more elaborate, and had the dog-tooth or ball-flower or other characteristic ornament in the hollows, lu all instances the mouldings are of similar contours to those of arches, &c., of the respective periods. (See MOULDINGS.) In Perpendicular work the ribs are broader and shallower, and almost always have two great hollows of elliptic shape, one on each side. In those churches of the Early English and Decorated periods where there is a groining of wooden ribs filled in between the spandrils with their narrow oak boards, these ribs resemble those of stone, but are slighter, and the mouldings not so bold. (See CEILING.) Later, wooden roofs are often formed into cants or polygonal barrel vaults, and in these the ribs are generally a cluster of rounds, and form square or stellar panels, with carved bosses or shields at the intersections. RIDGE (Fr. faite, faltage, Ital., comigiwlo, Ger. Ruckcu), a flat piece of board running from the apex of principal to principal, to which the heads of the common rafters are nailed ; also the lead or tile covering to the same. (For ornamental ridges, see CREST ING.) ROLL MOULDING or SCROLL MOULDING, a moulding so called because it resembles the section of half a scroll or flexible book rolled up so that the edge projects over the other part. (See LABEL.) ROOD, a name applied to a crucifix, particularly to those which were placed in tbe rood loft or chancel screens. These generally had not only the image of the crucified Saviour, but also those of St John and the Virgin Mary, standing one on each side. Sometimes other saints and angels are by them, and the top of the screen is set with candlesticks or other decorations. ROOD-LOFT, ROOD-SCREEN, RoOD-BfiAM, JUBE GALLERY, &C., the arrangement to carry the crucifix or rood, and to screen off the chancel from the rest of the church during the breviary services, and as a place whence to read certain parts of those services. (See JUBE.) Sometimes the crucifix is carried simply on a strong transverse beam, with or without a low screen, with folding-doors below hut forming no part of such support. The general con struction of wooden screens is close panelling beneath, about 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches high, on which stands screen work com posed of slender turned balusters or regular wooden mullions, supporting tracery more or less rich with cornices, crcstings, &c. , and often painted in brilliant colours, and gilded. These not only enclose the chancels, but also chapels, chantries, and some times even tombs. In mansions, and some private houses, the great halls were screened off by a low passage at the end opposite to the dais, over which was a gallery for the use of minstrels or spectators. These screens were sometimes close and sometimes glazed. There are many of these in England, generally more or less mutilated : one of the most perfect galleries is that at Charlton-oa-Otmoor, in Oxfordshire. ROOD-STAIR, a small winding stair or vice leading to the gallery. (See RooD-LoFT. ) In England they generally run up in a small turret in the wall at the west end of the chancel. This also often leads out on the roof. On the Continent these stairs often lead out of the interior of churches, and are enclosed with exquisitely perforated tracery, as at Rouen, Strasbourg, &c. ROOD-TOWER, a name given by some writers to the central tower, or that over the intersection of the nave and chancel with the transepts. ROSE WINDOW (Fr. rosace), a name given to a circular window with radiating tracery, called also wheel window. ROUGH CAST, a sort of external plastering in which small sharp stones are mixed, and which, when wet, is forcibly thrown or cast from a trowel against the wall, to which it forms a coating of pleasing appearance. Some of the rough cast at St Albans is supposed to be coeval with the building itself. This material was also much used in timber houses, and when well executed the work is sound and durable. ROVING, anything following the line of a curve ; thus the bowtell or torus going up the side of a bench end and round a finial is called a roving bowtell. (See BOWTELL.) RUBBLE WORK, a name applied to several species of masonry. One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards, and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian muraglia di getto, and in French blocage. Work executed with large stones put together without any attempt at courses, or random work, is also called rubble. SACRISTY (Lat. sacrarium, Fr. sacristie, Ital. sagrcstia), a small chamber attached to churches, where the chalices, vestments, books, &c. , were kept by the officer called the sacristan. In the early Christian basilicas there were two semicircular recesses or apsides, one on each side of the altar. One of these served as a sacrist}, and the other as the bibliotheca or library. Some have supposed the sacristy to have been the place where the vestments were kept, and the vestry that- where the priests put them on; but we find from Duraudus that the sacrarium was used for both these purposes. Sometimes the place where the altar stands enclosed by the rails lias been called sacrarium. SADDLE BARS (Fr. traverses), narrow horizontal iron bars passing from mullion to mullion, and often through the whole window from side to side, to steady the stone work, and to fonn stays, to which the lead work is secured. When the bays of the windows are wide, the lead lights are further strengthened by upright bars, passing through eyes forged on the saddle bars, and called stanchions (see STANCHION and ARMATURE). When saddle bars pass right through the mullions in one piece, and are secured to the jambs, they have sometimes been called stay bars. SANCTUS BELL-COT or TURRET, a turret or enclosure to hold the small bell sounded at various parts of the service, particularly where the words &quot; Sanctus,&quot; &c., are read. This diifers but little from the common bell-cot, except that it is generally on the top of the arch dividing the nave from the chancel. At C leeve, however, the bell seems to have been placed in a cot outside the wall. Sanctus bells have also been placed over the gables of porches. Ou the Continent they run up into a sort of small slender spire, called Jlcche in France, and guglio in Italy. (See BELL-COT.) SCAPPLI.VG, reducing a stone to a rough square by the axe or hammer ; in Kent, the rag-stone masons call this knobbling. SCOTIA (Gr. ffKoria, shadow or darkness), a concave moulding most commonly used in bases, which projects a deep shadow on itself, and is thereby a most effective moulding under the eye, as in a base. It is like a reversed ovolo, or rather what the mould of an ovolo would present. SCREEN, any construction subdividing one part of a building from another as a choir, chantry, chapel, &c. The earliest screens are the low marble podia, shutting off the chorus cantantium in the Roman basilicas, and the perforated cancclli enclosing the bema, altar, and seats of the bishops and presbyters. The chief screens in a church are those which enclose the. choir or the place where the breviary services are recited. This is done on the Continent, not only by doors and screen work, but also, when these arc of open work, by curtains, the laity having no part in these services. In England screens were of two kinds, one of open wood work, generally called rood-screens o- julcs (which see), and which the French call grilles, cUturcs du chceur ; the other, massive enclosures of stone work enriched with niches, tabernacles, canopies, pinnacles, statues, crestings, &c., as at Canterbury, York, Gloucester, and many other places both in England and abroad. SCROLL, synonymous with VOLUTE, q.v., but commonly applied to ordinary purposes, whilst volute is generally restricted to the scrolls of the Ionic capital. SCUTCHEON. (See ESCUTCHEON.) SECTION, a drawing showing the internal heights of the various parts of a building. It supposes the building to be cut through en tirely, so as to exhibit the walls, the heights of the internal doors and other apertures, the heights of the stories, thicknesses- of the iloors, &c. It is one of the species of drawings necessary to the exhibition of a DESIGN, q.v. SEDILIA, seats used by the celebrants during the pauses in the mass. They are generally three in number, for the priest, deacon, and sub-deacon, and are in England almost always a species of niches cut into the south walls of churches, separated by shafts or by species of mullions, and crowned with canopies, pinnacles, and other enrichments more or less elaborate. The piscina and aumbry sometimes are attached to them. Abroad, the sedilia are often movable seats : a single stone seat has rarely been found as at Lenham ; but some have considered this to be a confessional chair, and others a frith-stole, or place to which criminals fled for sanctuary. SEPULCHRE, EASTER, a recess in the wall of a church, generally in the north Hide, often ornamented with a canopy, finials, &c., fur the crucifix to stand in during certain rites from Good Friday to Easter Day.