Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/525

Rh GLOSSARY.] ARCHITECTURE 467 ing is often found inside a building where no rain could come, and consequently there is no drip. The latter term is described under HOOD-MOULD. In Norman times the label frequently did not project at all, and when it did it was very little, and formed part of the series of arch mouldings. In the Early English styles they were not very large, sometimes slightly undercut, sometimes deeply, sometimes a quarter round with chamfer, and very fre- .quently a &quot;roll&quot; or &quot;scroll moulding,&quot; so called because it resembles the part of a scroll where the edge laps over the body of the roll. Labels generally resemble the string-courses of the periods, and, in fact, often return horizontally ami form strings. They are less common in Continental architecture than in English. (See DairsTOSE, HOOD-MOULD, STRING-COURSES.) LABEL TERMINATIONS, carvings on which the labels terminated near the springing of the windows. In Norman times these were fre quently grotesque heads of fish, birds, &c., and sometimes stiff foliage, as at Shoreham. In the Early English and Decorated periods they are often elegant knots of ilowers, or heads of kings, queens, bishops, and other persons supposed to be the founders of churches. In the Perpendicular period they often finished with a short, square mitred return or knee, and the foliages are generally leaves of square or octagonal form. LACUNAR (Lat.), a panelled or coffered ceiling or soffit. The panels or cassoons of a ceiling are by Vitruvius called lacunaria. LANTERN (Lat. latema), a turret raised above a roof or tower, and very much pierced, the better to transmit light. In modern practice this term is generally applied to any raised part in a roof or ceiling containing vertical windows, but covered in hori zontally. The name was also often applied to the louvre or femerell on a roof to carry off the smoke ; sometimes, too, to the open constructions at the top of towers, as at Ely Cathedral, Boston in Lincolnshire, probably because lights were placed in them at night to serve as beacons. LANTERNS OF THE DEAD, curious small slender towers, found chiefly in the centre and west of France, having apertures at the top, where a light was exhibited at night to mark the place of a cemetery. Some have supposed that the round towers in Ireland may have served for this purpose. LAVABO (Fr. lavoir, Ital. lavatoio), the lavatory for washing hands, generally erected in the cloisters of monasteries. Those at Glou cester, Norwich, and Lincoln are best known. A very curious one at Fontenay, surrounding a pillar, is given by Viollet-le-Duc. In general it is a sort of trough, aud in some places has an almery for towels, &c. LICH GATE, a covered gate at the entrance of a cemetery, under the shelter of which the mourners rested with the corpse, while the procession of the clergy came to meet them. There is a very fine one at Ashwell, Herts. LIERNE RIB, a rib crossing nearly horizontally from the ogive ribs to the tierccrons or thp. arcs doubleaux, or forming patterns in fan and stellar vaulting. (See GROINED VAULTING. ) LIP MOULD, a moulding of the Perpendicular period like a hanging lip. LOFT, the highest room in a house, particularly if in the roof; also a gallery raised up in a church to contain the rood, the organ, or singers. LOOP HOLE (Fr. archive, meurtri&re, Ital. fcritoia), an opening in the wall of a building, very narrow on the outside, and splayed within, from which arrows or darts might be discharged on an enemy. They are often in the form of a cross, and generally have round holes at the ends. (See OYLETS.) LOUVRE, a lantern upon the roof of a hall for tlje passage of the smoke, when the fire was made on the pavement in the middle. (See FEMERELL, LANTERN.) LUCARNE, a French term for a garret window ; also used to signify the lights or small windows in spires. LUFFERS (probably the same as Louvres), pieces of board, slate, or stone, placed slanting so as to exclude the rain, but to allow the passage of smoke, the sound of bells, &c. LUNETTE, the French term for the circular opening in the groining of the lower stories of towers through which the bells are drawn up. MACHICOLATION (Fr. machicoulis), an opening between a v/all and a parapet, formed by corbelling over the latter, so that the defen ders of the building might throw down darts, stones, and some times hot sand, melted lead, &c., upon their assailants below. MANOR HOUSE, the residence of the suzerain or lord of the manor ; in France the central tower or keep of a castle is often called the manoir. (See KEEP.) MERLON, the solid part of a parapet between the embrasures of a battlement, sometimes pierced by loop-holes. METOPE (Or. juerrfirTj, a middle space), the square recess between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze. It is sometimes occupied by sculptures. MEZZANINE (Ital. mezzanino, dim. of mezzo, the middle), a low story between two lofty ones. It is called by the French entresol, or inter-story. MINSTER (Ger. Milnstcr), prbbably a corruption of monasterium the large church attached to any ecclesiastical fraternity. If the latter be presided over by a bishop, it is generally called a Cathe dral; if by an abbot, an Albey; if by a prior, a Priory. MISERERE (Fr. misericorde, Ital. prcdella), a seat in a stall of a large church made to turn up and afford support to a person in a position between sitting and standing. The under side is generally carved with some ornament, and very often with strange grotesque figures and caricatures of different persons. (See STALL. ) MITRE. A moulding returned upon itself at right angles is said to mitre. In joinery the ends of any two pieces of wood of corre sponding form cut off at 45 necessarily abut upon one another so as to form a right angle, and are said to mitre. MODILLION (Lat modulus, a measure of proportion), so called because of its arrangement in regulated distances, the enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice of the Corinthian entablature. Less ornamented, it is sometimes used in the Ionic. (See also MUTULE.) MODULE (Lat. modulus, from modus, a measure or rule). This is a term which has been generally used by architects in determining the relative proportions of the various parts of a columnar ordi nance. The semidiameter of the column at its base is the module, which being divided into thirty parts called minutes, any part of the composition is said to be of so many modules and minutes, or minutes alone, in height, breadth, or projection. The whole diameter is now generally preferred as a module, it being a better rule of proportion than its half. MONASTERY, a set of buildings adapted for the reception of any of the various orders of monks, the different, parts of which are de scribed in the separate article ABBEY. MONOPTEROS (Gr. fj,6ifos, one, or single, and vTtp6v, a wing). This term is used by Vitruvius to describe a temple composed of a circular range of columns supporting a tholus, cupola, or dome, but without walls. (See PERirrEROs.) Such an edifice would be more correctly designated as C yclostylar. (See CYCLOSTYLE. ) MONOTRIGLYPH ^Gr. (j.6vos, one, or single, and TRIGLYPH, q.v.) The intercolumniatious of the Doric order are determined by the number of triglyphs which intervene instead of the number of diameters of the column as in other cases ; and this term desig nates the ordinary intercolumniation of one triglyph. MONUMENT, a name given to a tomb, particularly to those fine structures recessed in the walls of mediieval churches. MOSAIC (Lat. opus musivum, Ital. musaico, Fr. mosaique], pictorial representations, or ornaments formed of small pieces of stone, marble, or enamel of various colours. In Roman houses the floors are often entirely of mosaic, the pieces being cubical. There are several fine specimens in Westminster Abbey, parti cularly the pavement of the choir. MOULDING (Lat. modulus, Ital. modanatura, Fr. moulure, Ger. Simswerk). When any work is wrought into long regular chan nels or projections, forming curves or rounds, hollows, &c., it is said to be moulded, and each separate member is called a mould ing. In mediaeval architecture the principal mouldings are those of the arches, doors, windows, piers, &c. The remains of Saxou work are so few, that we can tell but little about these mouldings. The arches have sometimes a simple rib on them, sometimes are chamfered, and sometimes are quite plain. Early Norman work is much the same. By degrees, however, the arrises were finished by a round or bowtell. Later, hollows and rounds together became common, and the arches were set back one behind another, each being frequently supported by a jamb-shaft or column, though very often the arch mouldings continued down the jambs without any break. In the Early English style, the mouldings, for some time, like those of the preceding period, formed groups set back in squares ; they are smaller, lighter, more graceful, and frequently very deeply undercut. The scroll moulding is also common. Small fillets now became very frequent in the outer parts of the rounds. This has often been called the keel moulding, from its resemblance in section to the bottom of a ship : sometimes also it has a peculiar hollow on each side like two wings. Later in the Decorated style the mouldings are more varied in design, though hollows and rounds still prevail. The undercutting is not so deep, fillets abound, ogees are more frequent, aud the ware mould, double ogee, or double ressaunt, is often seen. In many places the strings and labels are a round, the lower half of which is cut off by a plain chamfer. The mouldings in the later styles in some degree resemble those of the Decorated, flattened and extended; they run more into one another, having fewer fillets, and being as it were less grouped. One of the principal features of the change is the substitution of one, or perhaps two (seldom more), very large hollows in the set of mouldings. These hollows are- neither circular nor elliptical, but obovate, like an egg cut across, so that one-half is larger than the other. The brace mould also has a small bead, where the two ogees meet. Another sort of moulding, which has been called a lip mould, is common in para pets, bases, and weatherings. For the ancient mouldings see the general article, supra.