Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/521

Rh GLOSSARY.] ARCHITECTURE 463 CORONA, a term applied to the deep vertical face of the projected part of the cornice between the bed-mould and the covering mouldings. COVE COVING. The moulding called the cavetto, or the scotia inverted,- -on a large scale, and not as a mere moulding in the composition of a cornice, is called a cove or a coving. CRENELLE, a word generally considered to mean an embrasure of a battlement, but latterly proved to apply to the whole system of defence by battlements. In mediaeval times no one could &quot; crenel- late &quot; a building without special licence from his supreme lord. (See BATTLEMENT, EMBRASURE.) CRESTING, an ornamental finish in the wall or ridge of a building, which is common on the Continent. An example occurs at Exeter Cathedral, the ridge of which is ornamented with a range of small fleurs-de-lis in lead. CROCKET (Ital. uncinctto, Fr. crochet, crosse, Ger. Hdklein, Knollen), an ornament running up the sides of gablets, hood-moulds, pin nacles, spires ; generally a winding stem like a creeping plant, with flowers or leaves projecting at intervals, and terminating in a finial. CROP (Aug. -Sax. crop), the top of anything. A word anciently used for a FINIAL, which see. CROSS. This religious symbol is almost always placed on the ends of gables, the summit of spires, and other conspicuous places of old churches. In early times it was generally very plain, often a simple cross in a circle, as at Bcverley. Sometimes they take the form of a light cross crosslet, or a cross in a square. In the Decorated and later styles they became richly floriated, and assumed an endless variety of forms. Of memorial crosses the finest examples are the Eleanor crosses, erected by Edward I. Of these a few yet remain, one of which has recently been re- erected at Charing Cross. Preaching crosses were often set up by the wayside as stations for preaching ; the most noted is that in front of St Paul s. The finest remaining sepulchral crosses are the old elaborately-carved examples found in Ireland. CROSS-AISLE, an old name for a transept. CROSS-SPRINGER, the transverse ribs of a vault. CROW-STEPS. See CORBIE STEPS. CROW STONE, the upper stone of a gable ; see also as last. CRYPT (Lat. crypta, Ital. volto sotterranco, Fr. crypte, Ger. Grvft), a vaulted apartment of greater or less size, usually under the choir. (See separate article.) CUPOLA (Ital. cupo, concave, profound), a spherical or spheroidal covering to a building, or to any part of it. CUSP (Fr. feuille, Ital. cuspids, Ger. Knopf), the point where the foliations of tracery intersect. The eaijiest example of a plain cusp is probably that at Pythagoras School, at Cambridge, of an ornamented cusp at Ely Cathedral, where a small roll, with a rosette at the end, is formed at the termination of a cusp. In the later styles the terminations of the cusps were more richly decor ated ; they also sometimes terminate not only in leaves or foliages, but in rosettes, heads, and other fanciful ornaments. CYCLOSTYLE (Gr. KVKOS, a circle, and &amp;lt;TTVOS, a column). A struc ture composed of a circular range of columns without a core is cyclostylar ; with a core the range would be a peristyle. This is the species of edifice called by Vitruvius Monopteral. (See MONOPTEROS.) CYMA (Gr. icC/za, a wave), the name of a moulding of very frequent use. It is a simple, waved line, concave at one end and convex at the other, like an Italic /. When the concave part is upper most it is called a cyma-recta ; but if the convexity appear above, and the concavity below, it is then a cyma-reversa. CYMATIUM. When the crowning moulding of an entablature is of the cyma form, it is termed the Cymatium. CYRTO-PROSTYLE. An alternation of CYRTOSTYLE (q.v.), but in dicating more clearly than Cyrtostyle does au external projec tion. CYRTOSTYLE (Gr. Kvpr&s, convex, and O-TVOS, a column), a circular projecting portico. Such are those of the transept entrances to St Paul s Cathedral. DADO or DIE, the vertical face of an insulated pedestal between the base and cornice or surbase. It is extended also to the similar part of all stereobates which are arranged like pedestals in Roman and Italian architecture. DAIS (Fr. dais, estrade, Ital. prcdella), a part of the floor at the end of a mediaeval hall, raised a step above the rest of the building. On this the lord of the mansion dined with his friends at the great table, apart from the retainers and servants. In mediaeval halls there was generally a deep recessed bay window at one or at each end of the dais, supposed to be for retirement, or greater privacy than the open hall could afford. In France the word is understood as a canopy or hanging over a seat ; probably the name was given from the fact that the seats of great men were then surmounted by such an ornament. DECASTYLE (Gr. StKa, ten, and arvKos, a column), a portico of ten columns in front. DKNTIL (Lat. den*, a tooth). The cogged or toothed member, common in the bed-mould of a Corinthian entablature, is said to be dentilled, and each cog or tooth is called a dentil. DEPRESSED ARGUES or DROP ARCUES, those of less pitch than the equilateral. DESIGN. The plans, elevations, sections, and whatever other draw ings may be necessary for an edifice, exhibit the design, the term plan having a restricted application to a technical portion of the design. (See PLAN.) DETAIL. As used by architects, detail means the smaller parts into which a composition may be divided. It is applied generally to mouldings and other enrichments, and again to their minutia?. DIAMETERS. The diameters of the lower and upper ends of the shaft of a column are called its inferior and superior diameters respectively ; the former is the greatest, the latter the least diameter of the shaft. DIAPER (Ital. diaspro, Fr. diaspri, Ger. GeUumtc), a method of decorating a wall, panel, stained glass, or any plain surface, by covering it with a continuous design of flowers, rosettes, &c., either in squares or lozenges, or some geometrical form resembling the pattern of a diapered table-cloth, from which, in fact (drap d Ypres), the name is supposed by some to have been derived. DIASTYLE (Gr. Sid, through, and tnvXoi, a column), a spacious intercolumniation, to which three diameters are assigned. (See EUSTYLE. ) DIPTEROS (Gr. Sis, twice, and irrfpAv, a wing), a double-winged temple. The Greeks are said to have constructed temples with two ranges of columns all round, which were called dipteroi. A portico projecting two columns and their interspaces is of dipteral or pseudo-dipteral arrangement. DISCHARGING ARCH, an arch over the opening of a door or window, to discharge or relieve the superincumbent weight from pressing on the freestone. DISTEMPER. See FRESCO. DISTYLE (Gr. Sis, twice, and &amp;lt;TTVOS, a column), a portico of two columns. This term is not generally applied to the mere porch with two columns, but to describe a portico with two columns in antis. DITRIGLYPH, an intercolumniation in the Doric order, of two triglyphs. (See TRIGLYPH.) DODECASTYLE (Gr. SdSeKa, twelve, and CTTVOS, a column), a por tico of twelve columns in front. The lower one of the west front of St Paul s Cathedral is of twelve columns, but they are coupled, making the arrangement pseudo-dodecastyle. The Chamber of Deputies in Paris has a true dodecastyle. DOG-TOOTH, a favourite enrichment used from the latter part of the Norman period to the early part of the Decorated. It is in the form of a four-leaved flower, the centre of which projects, and probably was named from its resemblance to the dog-toothed violet. DOME (Gr. Si/^o, a structure of any kind, Lat. damns, a house or temple), a cupola or inverted cup on a building. The application of this term to its generally-received purpose is from the Italian custom of calling an archiepiscopal church, by way of eminence, II du&mo, the temple ; for to one of that rank, the cathedral of Florence, the cupola was first applied in modern practice. The Italians themselves never call a cupola a dome : it is on this side of the Alps the application has arisen, from the circumstance, it would appear, that the Italians use the term with reference to those structures whose most distinguishing feature is the cupola, tholus, or (as we now call it) dome. (See CUPOLA.) DONJON, the principal tower of a castle. (See KEEP.) DORMER BEAM or DORMANT BEAM, said to be a tie-beam, but more probably, as its name imports, a sleeper. DORMER WINDOW (Fr. lucarne, Ital. abbaino, Ger. Dachfenster), a window belonging to a room in a roof, which consequently pro jects from it with a valley gutter on each side. They are said not to be earlier than the 14th century. In Germany there are often several rows of dormers, one above the other. In Italian Gothic they are very rare ; in fact, the former have an unusually steep roof, while in the latter country, where the Italian tile is used, the roofs are rather flat. DORMITORY (Fr. dortoir, Ital. dormitorio, Ger. Schlafgcmach), the place where the monks slept at night. It was sometimes one long room like a barrack, and sometimes divided into a succession of small chambers or cells. The dormitory was generally on the first floor, and connected with the church, so that it was not necessary to go out of doors to attend the nocturnal services. In the large houses of the late Perpendicular period, and also in some of the Elizabethan, the entire upper story in the roof formed one large apartment, said to have been a place for exercise in wet weather, and also for a dormitory for the retainers of the house hold, or those of visitors. DOSSEL or DORSAL. See REREDOS. DRIPSTONE, the moulding or cornice which acts as a canopy to doors and windows. Horizontal running mouldings, are some times called tablets, and sometimes dripstones. DROP ARCHES. See DEPRESSED ARCUES.