Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/457

Rh CORINTHIAN.] A R C H I T E C T U R E 417 ing the parts of this bed-mould in itself, one-third of its height may be given to the modillioii member, .and the other t vo-thirds divided nearly equally, but increasing upwards into three parts, one for the lowest mouldings, one for the plain or dentil member, and the third, and rather largest portion, forthe mouldings under the modillioii member. The mouldings of this part of the cornice are carved or left plain, according to the character of the ordinance ; and its greatest projection, except the modillions themselves, that of the modillion member, is about equal to half its height. The upper part of the cornice the corona, with its crown- juouldings consists of the vertical member called the corona, which is two-fifths the whole height ; this, in the examples of the temples of Jupiter Stator and Antoninus and Faustina, is enriched with vertical flutes; a narrow tillet, an ovolo, and a wider fillet, occupy one-third of the rest, the other two-thirds being given to cyma-recta, with a covering fillet which crowns the whole. Its extreme projection is nearly equal to the whole height of the cor nice The ordinance of the temple of Vesta, or of the sibyl, at Tivoli (Plate XIV. ex. 2), whose entablature is the very low one mentioned, is not generally in accordance with ilio scale we have given, and it must be referred to for its own peculiar proportions. Pediments with the Roman Corinthian order are found to be steeper than, they were made by the Greeks, varying i:i inclination from 18 to 25 D ; but they are formed by the (ornice of the entablature in the same manner. Antefixai do not appear to have been used on flank cornices as in Greek ordinances, in which the cymatium is confined to pediments ; but in Roman works it is continued over the horizontal or flank cornice, as we have described ; and frequently it is enriched with lions heads, which were at the first introduced as waterspouts. The planceer or soffit of the corona is, in the Jupiter Stator example, coffered between the modillions, and in every coffer there is a flower. The soffit of the entablature in this order is generally panelled and enriched with foliated or other ornament. The intercolumniation is not the same in any two examples. Tn the temple of Vesta, in Rome, it hardly exceeds a dia meter and a quarter ; in the Jupiter Stator example it is a fraction less than one diameter and a half, in that of Anto ninus and Faustina, nearly a diameter and three quarters ; ii the portico at Assisi, rather more than that ratio ; in the portico of the Pantheon, almost two diameters ; and iu the Tivoli example, a fraction more than that propor tion. The anta3 of the Roman Corinthian order are generally parallel ; but pilasters are mostly diminished and fluted as tiie columns. Of two of the existing examples of anta3, in one that of the temple of Mars Ultor they are plain, to tinted columns ; and in the other that of the Pantheon portico they are fluted, to plain columns. The capitals and bases are transcripts of those of the columns, fitted to the square forms. Ceilings of porticoes are formed, as in the Greek style, by the frieze returning in beams from the internal archi- 1 rave to the wall or front of the structure, supporting coffers more or less enriched with foliage or flowers. This, how- rver, could only have been effected when the projection was not more than one, or at the most two, intercolumnia- tions, if stone was used ; and it is only in such that examples exist. Porticoes ordinarily must have bad arched ceilings, as that of the Pantheon has, or the beams must have been of wood ; in the latter case the compartments of the ceiling would probably be larger. How it was arranged in the former we cannot tell, as the arches only remain, and they may not be of the date of the rest of the portico. The Roman Composite. The ancient examples of what is called the Composite order (Plate XV. ex. 2) do not differ so much from th-.- ordinary examples of the Corinthian as the latter do among themselves, except in the peculiar conformation of the capital of the column. In other respects, indeed, its arrangement and general proportions are exactly those of the Corinthian. The Composite was used in triumphal arches, and, in the best ages of Roman architecture, in them alone. The difference in the capital consists iu the enlargement of the volutes to nearly one-fourth the whole height of the capital, and in the connection of their stems horizontally under the abacus, giving the appearance of a distorted Ionic capital. The central tendrils of the Corin thian are omitted, and the drum of the capital is girded under the stem of the volutes by an ovolo and bead, as in the Ionic. Acanthus leaves, in two rows, fill up the whole height from the hypotrachelium to the bottom of the volutes, and are consequently higher than in the Corinthian capital : this difference is given to the upper row. Besides this Composite, however, the Romans made many others, the arrangements and proportions of the ordinances being generally those of the Corinthian order, and the capitals corresponding also in general form, though in themselves differently composed. In these,&quot; animals of different species, the human figure, armour, a variety of foliage, and other peculiarities are found. Shafts of columns also are some times corded or cabled instead of being fluted : those of the internal ordinance of the Pantheon are cabled to one-third their height, and the flutes of the antse of that ordinance are flat, eccentric curves. There are fragments of others existing, in which the fillets between the flutes are beaded ; some in which they are wider than usual, and grooved ; others, again, whose whole surface is wrought with foliage in various ways ; and it would be no less absurd to arrange all these in different orders, than to make a distorted and hybrid capital the ground-work of an order. The Roman lunic. The only existing example of Ionic in Rome, in w hie It the columns are insulated, is in the temple of Fortuna Virilis (Plate XV. ex. 3; Plate XVI. fig. 12), for the temple of Concord is too barbarous to deserve considera tion. Its stylobate, like that of the Roman Corinthian, is lofty and not graduated, having a moulded base and cornice or surbase. In the column the base consists of a plinth, two tori, a scotia, and two fillets ; the shaft has twenty fillets and flutes, and diminishes one-tenth of a diameter; the capital is two-fifths of a diameter in height the volutes, however, dip a little lower, being themselves about that depth without the abacus ; the corbelling for the volutes is formed by a bead and large ovolo, the latter being carved. A straight band connects the generating lines of the volutes, whose ends are bolstered and enriched with foliage; and a square abacus, moulded on the edges, covers the whole. In the entablature the architrave i.s unequally divided into three fasciie and a band consisting of a cyma-reversa and fillet ; the lowest angle impends the upper face of the shaft of the column. The frieze is in the same vertical line, and is covered with a fillet which receives the cornice ; it is also enriched with a composition of figures and foliage. The cornice consists of a bed-mould, two-fifths of its height, and a corona with crown-mouldings. The cymatium is enriched with acanthus leaves and lions heads, and the mouldings of the bed-mould and architrave band are carved. The soffit of the corona is hollowed out in a wide groove, whose internal angles are rounded off in a cavetto, but without ornament of any kind, forming indeed a mere throating. Like the angular capitals of the Greek n. - 55