Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/393

Rh A K C A ft C 371 ARCHELAUS, a Greek philosopher, was a native most probably of Athens, though some say he was bom at Miletus. Nothing is known of his life, but as he was a pupil of Anaxagoras, he must have lived about 450 B.C. By several writers he is said to have been the teacher of Socrates, but this report has no support from Plato, Aristotle, or Xenophon, and probably has no foundation save the wish to connect Socrates closely with preceding philosophy. So far as the opinions of Archelaus are known, he seems to have followed with some deviations his master, Anaxagoras. With him he admitted a primi tive matter, consisting of infinite particles similar in nature to the bodies formed from them. He further admitted a ruling mind; but he attempted to overcome the dualism of Anaxagoras, and in so doing, more nearly approached the older Ionic physical philosophers. He thought that matter was mingled with mind, and identified the primitive matter with air. His first principle was thus air endowed with mind. Out of this air, by the processes of thickening and thinning, arose cold and warm, or water and fire, the one passive, the other active. From the action of fire on water are formed the atmosphere and the mud, out of which the earth and the heavenly bodies are developed. Living, organised beings, at first of a low type, spring out of this mud, and gradually the races of animals are formed. Man is superior to other beings by his moral and artistic powers. To Archelaus are attributed some ethical doctrines, such as, that right and wrong are not by nature but by custom. This is a well-known proposition of his contemporaries, the Sophists, and in all probability it is attributed to Archelaus erroneously. Ethical teaching was no doubt ascribed to him merely to explain the completely ethical character of the philosophy of his supposed pupil Socrates. No frag ments of Archelaus remain ; his doctrines have to be ex tracted from Diogenes Laertius, Simplicius, Plutarch, and Hippolytus. ARCHELAUS, natural son of Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, seized the throne in 413 B.C., after having murdered his uncle, his cousin, and his half brother, the legitimate heir. His reign was remarkable for the many improvements he introduced. He fortified cities, constructed roads, and thoroughly organised the army. He endeavoured to spread among his people the refinements of Greek civilisa tion, and invited to his court many celebrated men of the time as Zeuxis, Timotheus, Euripides, and Agathon. In 399 B.C. he was killed by one of his courtiers, Craterus ; according to some, designedly, according to others, acci dentally while engaged in hunting. ARCHELAUS, a general of Mithridates, commanded his army in the war against the Romans. He was sent into Greece with an army of 120,000, and after three days lighting with Bruttius Sura, occupied the Piraeus. Here he was attacked by Sulla, and after a hard struggle was compelled to withdraw into Bceotia. Sulla followed, and at Chseronea, 8G B.C., completely routed him. A fresh army was sent by Mithridates, but at Orchomenos, after a two days battle, Archelaus was again defeated. Peace was soon afterwards concluded, but as Archelaus found that he had incurred the displeasure of Mithridates, he fled over to the Romans, by whom he was well received. He is not heard of again in history, but several of his descendants of the same name held high posts under Pompey, Antony, and Augustus. ARCHELAUS, son of Herod the Great, had the king dom of Judaea left him by the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims to Augustus at Rome. Before setting out, he quelled with the utmost cruelty a sedition of the Pharisees, slaying nearly 3000 of them. At Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of the Jews, who feared his cruelty, but Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom with the title of Ethnarch. He married Glaphyra, the widow of his brother Alexander. This violation of the Mosaic law and his con tinued cruelty roused the Jews, who complained to Augus tus. Archelaus was deposed (7 A.D.) and banished to Yienne. The date of his death is unknown. ARCHELAL T S, sou of Apollonius, a sculptor of Priene, is celebrated by his bas-relief representing the apotheosis of Homer. From the style of the work, and from its having been found in the palace of the Emperor Claudius at Bovillae, it may be concluded that it belongs to the 1st century of the Christian era. For some time the bas-relief was in the possession of the Colonna family, but in 1819 it was pur chased for 1000, and placed in the British Museum. ARCHENA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, of interest on account of its hot mineral springs and old Roman baths. It is fairly built, and contains a palace of the Corbora family. Population about 2000. ARCHERY, the art or exercise of shooting with a bow and arrow. The origin of the bow as an instrument of war is lost in obscurity. With all the ancient peoples, both civilised and barbaric, the bow was a favourite weapon, and skill in the use of it was regarded by the Scythians as a princely accomplishment. The Greeks and Romans employed archers to draw the enemy into action, and the exploits of the ancient Egyptians rivalled those of the archers of the Middle Ages. There is no record of the use of the bow in France until the reign of Charlemagne, in the beginning of the 8th century, although we have evidence that in England both the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes employed it in the chase, as well as in battle against the primitive inhabitants of England, many years before the Conquest. The probability is that it was first introduced as a military weapon into Britain by the Romans ; but it was under the Norman rule that the practice of archery in this island was not only greatly improved, but generally diffused throughout the country, so that England soon became famous for its archery, and her archers took precedence of those of every other nation. To preserve this superiority by constant practice appears to have been the study of many of our monarchs ; and numerous statutes for enforcing and regulating the use of the bow among the people were enacted from early times until after the invention of fire-arms. Many laws were also made for securing the presence in distant and obscure parts of the country of persons skilled in the manufacture of bows and all the apparatus appertaining to archery, for guarding against fraud by those artificers, and also for the procuring of a constant supply of bow-staves from abroad. These laws appear to have been absolutely necessary, for in the olden time the English chiefly depended for their success in battle upon the bravery and expertness of their archers, whose appearance in the field generally led to success. William the Conqueror is reputed to have been so admirable an archer that few could bend the bow he used, and his victory at Hastings was certainly due to the skill and intrepidity of his archers. Richard I. performed great exploits with his archers in the Holy Land, where, according to Gibbon, 300 archers and 17 knights, headed by the king, sustained the charge of the whole Turkish and Saracea army. It was in his reign that the renowned Robin Hood flourished in Sherwood Forest. Edward II. levied a com pany of &quot;Northumbrian archers &quot; in the year 1314, for the invasion of Scotland. The battles of Cressy and Poitiers were gained by the English archers in the years 1346 and 1356 respectively. Edward III. was extremely jealous of the honour of the bow, and anxious that its glory should be maintained. Li