Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/392

Rh 370 A R C A R C but thia practice lias been indirectly abolished by 3 and 4 Viet. c. Ill, 42. He is entitled to nominate eight chaplains, who had formerly certain statutory privileges, which are now abolished. He is ex ofiicio an ecclesiastical commissioner for England, and has by statute the right of nominating one of the salaried ecclesiastical commis sioners. The archbishop exercises the ordinary jurisdiction of a bishop over his diocese through his Consistory Court at Canterbury, the judge of which court is styled the Com missary-General of the city and diocese of Canterbury. The archbishop holds a visitation of his diocese personally every three years, and he is the only diocesan who has kept up the triennial visitation of the dean and chapter of his cathedral. 1 The province of York consists of six dioceses in England, Carlisle, Chester, Durham, Manchester, Ripon, and York, to which may be added the diocese of Man, which was annexed under that title by 33 Henry VIII. c. 31, to the province of York. The latter diocese has been entitled in recent Acts of Parliament the diocese of Sodor and Man, and it is now generally so designated. The bishops of the above seven dioceses constitute the Upper House of Con vocation of the prelates and clergy of the province of York, of which the archbishop is ex ojficio president, and which is convened, prorogued, and dissolved under the same con ditions as the Convocation of the province of Canterbury. The archbishop of York has immediate spiritual juris diction as metropolitan in the case of all vacant sees within the province of York, analogous to that which is exercised by the archbishop of Canterbury within the province of Canterbury. He has also an appellate jurisdiction of an analogous character, which he exercises through his pro vincial court, whilst his diocesan jurisdiction is exercised through his consistorial court, the judges of both courts being nominated by the archbishop. His grace s ancient testamentary and matrimonial jurisdiction has been trans ferred to the Crown by the same statuteswhich have divested the see of Canterbury of its jurisdiction in similar matters. The first archbishop of York was Pauliuus, to whom Pope Honorius I. sent the pallium in 634 A.D. in fulfil ment of the intention of Pope Gregory the Great. The suc cessors of Paulinus exercised metropolitan jurisdiction over the bishops of Scotland until the latter part of the 15th century, when Pope Sixtus IV. raised the bishopric of St Andrews into an archbishopric, and constituted the archbishop of St Andrews primate of all Scotland, and legatus natus of the apostolic see in Scotland. The arch bishop of York takes precedence over all subjects of the Crown not of royal blood, next to the lord high chancellor of England, who is preceded by the archbishop of Canter bury. He is ex officio an ecclesiastical commissioner for England. The first archbishop of St Andrews was Patrick Graham, who successfully disputed the superiority of the see of York, and was constituted metropolitan over all the diocesan bishops of Scotland in 1474 A.D. His successors continued to exercise metropolitan jurisdiction throughout Scotland until 1491 A.D., when Pope Innocent VIII. sent the pallium to the bishop of Glasgow, and constituted him metropolitan over the dioceses of Argyle, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Galloway, and Glasgow, whilst the archbishop of St Andrews continued to exercise metropolitan jurisdiction over the dioceses of Aberdeen, Brechin, Caithness, Edinburgh, Moray, Orkney, Ross, and St Andrews, until the Episcopal form of church government ceased to have any legal authority in Scotland. 1 The Court of Peculiars is no longer held, inasmuch as the pecu liars have been placed by Acts of Parliament under the ordinary juris diction of the bishops of the respective dioceses in which they are The Church of Ireland was united, by the fifth article of the Act for the Union of Ireland with Great Britain, into one Protestant Episcopal church with the Church of England, and it had at that time four archbishops, who took their titles from Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam. The archbishop of Armagh was primate of all Ireland and metropolitan of the province of Armagh, and the other archbishops were primates of Ireland and metropolitans of their respective provinces. By 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 37, and 4 and 5 Will. IV. c. 90, the metropolitans of Cashel and of Tuam were reduced to the status of diocesan bishops, and, with the then existing eighteen bishops, were reduced in number to ten bishops by the consolidation of their dioceses, so that each of the two archbishops had five diocesans sub ject to his metropolitan jurisdiction. By 32 and 33 Viet, c. 42, the union between the Churches of England and of Ireland was dissolved, and the Church of Ireland has ceased to be established by law. (T. T.) ARCHDEACON. The office of archdeacon is of ancient institution in the Christian church, as archdeacons are mentioned in the 4th century after Christ. The title was originally given to the chief deacon in each diocese, who had the charge of the temporal affairs of the church, and the supervision of all matters which appertained to the order and decency of divine service. In the course of time the archdeacons encroached upon the episcopal jurisdiction, but their encroachments were restrained in England by the Council of London, 1237 A.D, and in other countries by ecclesiastical councils held in the 13th and 14th centuries. There was originally one archdeacon in every English diocese, but there are at present by statute 6 and 7 Will. IV. c. 97, at least two archdeaconries in each diocese, and in some dioceses there are four archdeacons. The arch deacons are appointed by their respective bishops, and they are by 3 and 4 Viet, c. 27, 27, required to have been six full years in priest s orders. The functions of the arch deacon are in the present day ancillary in a general way to those of the bishop of the diocese. The archdeacon is sometimes styled &quot; Oculus Episcopi/ and it is his especial duty to inspect the churches within his archdeaconry, and to hold annual visitations of the clergy and churchwardens of each parish, for the purpose of ascertaining that the- clergy are in residence, of admit ting the newly-elected church wardens into office, and of receiving the presentments of the outgoing churchwardens. It is his privilege to present all candidates for ordination to the bishop of the diocese. It is his duty also to induct the clergy of his archdeaconry into the temporalities of their benefices after they have been instituted into the spiritualities by the bishop or his vicar- general. Every archdeacon is entitled to appoint an official to preside over his archidiaconal court, from which there is an appeal to the Consistory Court of the bishop. The archdeacons are ex officio members of the Convocations of their respective provinces. See CONVOCATION. It is the privilege of the archdeacon of Canterbury to induct the archbishop and all the bishops of the province of Canterbury into their respective bishoprics, and this he does in the case of a bishop under a mandate from the archbishop of Canterbury, directing him to induct the bishop into the real, actual, and corporal possession of the bishopric, and to install and to enthrone him; and in the case of the archbishop, under an analogous mandate from the dean and chapter of Canterbury, as being guardians of the spiritualities during the vacancy of the archi-episcopal see. (T. T.) ARCHDUKE, a title borne during the Middle Ages by the dukes of Austria, Lorraine, and Brabant. All three archduchies having devolved to the imperial family of Austria, the sons of that house are styled archdukes, autl the daughters archduchesses.