Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/391

Rh A R C A B C 369 mats, sugar, and beer. The exports arc flax, flax-tow and codilla, oats, linseed, wheat, deals, tar, pitch, rosin, mats, beef and pork, calf and seal skins, train-oil, cordage, feathers, and linseed cakes. Flax, in large quantit), is used in the spinning factories in the interior. The imports are coal, oil, wine, coffee, sugar, tea, logwood, furs, lead, salt, and fish. The total value of the exports in 1874 amounted to 1,234,390 in 472 ships, of which 62 were steamers and 220 coasting vessels, a large proportion being carried to Great Britain. The coasting trade between Archangel and Norwegian Finmark is extensive. The domestic trado consists chiefly in meat, fish, train-oil, game, and furs. By river and canal Archangel is in connection with a large part of European Russia, and a telegraph line unites it with St Petersburg. The harbour is at the island of Solombaly, about a mile below the town, and is open only from June to October. A bar at the month of the D vina, with only 13 or 14 feet of water, obliges vessels of greater draught to load and unload out side by means of lighters. About 12 miles below the town there is a Government dockyard, with slips for build ing vessels, and also some warehouses belonging to merchants in the city. The best season of the year in Archangel is from the middle of June to the middle of August. After that period the nights become cold; and in September it is often stormy. The shortest day has only 3 hours 12 minutes, the longest 21 hours 48 minutes. Population in 1867, 19,936. ARCHBISHOP, the title of a church dignitary of the first class. Archbishops were not known in the church before the 4th century after Christ, when the term &quot; Archbishop &quot; was introduced in the East as a title of dignity, which did not necessarily imply any superiority of jurisdiction over a bishop. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, appears to have been the first who made use of the term in applying it as a mark of personal honour to Alexander, his predecessor in the see of Alexandria, and Gregory Naziauzen applied the term in like manner to Athanasius. In the following century the title of arch bishop seems to have been applied to the bishops of the more important sees, as the names of several archbishops are recorded in the list of church dignitaries, who were assembled in the Council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D. In the Latin Church the title was hardly known before the 7th century after Christ. Isidore of Seville (Hispalensis) is the first writer who speaks of archbishops, distinguishing them as a class from patriarchs, metropolitans, and bishops. Archbishops in the present day are for the most part either patriarchs or metropolitans ; but an archbishop is not necessarily a patriarch or a metropolitan, and there are metropolitans who have only the title of bishops. The ecclesiastical government of the Church of England is divided between two archbishops, the archbishop of Canterbury, who is primate of all England and metro politan of the province of Canterbury, and the archbishop of York, who is primate of England, and metropolitan of the province of York. The jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury as primate of all England extends in cer tain matters into the province of York. He exercised the jurisdiction of legatus natus of the Pope throughout all England before the Reformation, and since that event he has been empowered, by 25 H. VIII. c. 21, to exercise cer tain powers of dispensation in cases formerly sued for in the court of Rome. Under this statute the archbishop continues to grant special licences to marry, which are valid in both provinces; he appoints notaries public, who may practise in both provinces ; and he grants dispensations to clerks to hold more than one benefice, subject to certain restrictions which have been imposed by recent statutes. The arch bishop also continues to grant degrees in the faculties of theology and law, which are known as Lambeth Degrees. His pewer to grant degrees in medicine, qualifying the reci pients to practise, has been practically restrained by 21 and 22 Viet. c. 90. The province of Canterbury consists of twenty-one dioceses St Asaph, Bangor, Bath and Wells, Canterbury, Chichester, St David s, Ely, Exeter, Gloucester and Bristol, Hereford, Lichfield, Lincoln, Llandaff, London, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Salisbury, Winchester, and Worcester. The bishops of the above-mentioned dioceses constitute the Upper House of Convocation of the prelates and clergy of the province of Canterbury. The archbishop is president ex officio of this Convocation, which is summoned by him pursuant to a royal writ whenever the Parliament is called together (see CONVOCATION), and it is prorogued and dis solved whenever the Parliament is prorogued or dissolved. Tne archbishop of Canterbury exercises the twofold jurisdiction of a metropolitan and of a diocesan bishop. As metropolitan he is the guardian of the spiritualities of every vacant see within the province, and he presents to all benefices which fall vacant during the vacancy of the see, and through his special commissary exercises the ordinary jurisdiction of a bishop within the vacant diocese. He exercises also an appellate jurisdiction over each bishop, which in cases of licensed curates he exercises personally under 1 and 2 Viet. c. 106; but his ordinary appellate juris diction is exercised by the judge of the provincial court of appeal, which from the circumstance of its having been held in former days in the church of St Mary of the Arches (Bow Church), which was a peculiar of the archbishop, has come to be called the Arches Court of Canterbury. The judge of this court, who is appointed by the archbishop, is properly styled the Official Principal of the Arches Court, but he is commonly called the Dean of the Arches, from a peculiar jurisdiction, now abolished, which he formerly exercised in the name of the archbishop over fifteen churches in the diocese of London. The archbishop had formerly exclusive jurisdiction in all causes of wills and intestacies, where parties died having personal property in more than one diocese of the province of Canterbury, and he had concurrent jurisdiction in other cases. This jurisdiction, which he exercised through the judge of the Prerogative Court, has been transferred to the Crown by 20 and 21 Viet. c. 77. The Arches Court was also the court of appeal from the consistory courts of the bishops of the province in all testamentary and matrimonial causes. The matri monial jurisdiction liar, been transferred to the Crown by 20 and 21 Viet. c. 78. The Court of Audience, in which the archbishop presided personally, attended by his vicar- general, and sometimes by episcopal assessors, has fallen into desuetude. The vicar-general, however, exercises jurisdiction in matters of ordinary marriage licences and of institutions to benefices. The Master of the Faculties regulates the appointment of notaries public, and all dis pensations which fall under 25 H. VIII. c. 21. The first archbishop of Canterbury was Augustine tho monk, whose preaching converted King Ethelbert. Augus tine was consecrated a bishop for England in 597 A.D., and received the pallium, which is the distinguishing mark of the metropolitan s office, from Gregory the Great in the following year. He was subsequently constituted legatus natus of the apostolic see, and his successors enjoyed various jura regalia by grant from the Crown. They had also precedence over all subjects of the Crown not of royal blood, and the archbishop still retains such precedence over every Peer of Parliament. It is also his privilege to crown the kings and queens of England. He is entitled to con secrate all the bishops within his province, and was formerly entitled, upon consecrating a bishop, to select a benefice within his diocese as his option for one of his chaplains, II. - 47