Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/225

Rh A P P A P P 211 south, being appropriated to the Eoraan Catholics, and the Outer Rhodes, in the north, to the Protestants. This distinction has continued to the present day; the census of 1870 giving the number of Protestants in the Catholic district as only 188, and of Catholics in the Protestant, 2358. Until 18-18, indeed, no Protestants, or even Catho lic aliens, were allowed to settle in Inner Ehodes. The chief town of that division is Appenzell, and of the other, Trogen. Each district has its own democratical constitution, consisting of a Landcsgemeinde, or General .Assembly, where every freeman above 18 years is bound to appear, and a Great Council, chosen by the people, the mem bers of which must submit their acts to the general approval for their ratification. Outer Rhodes sends two members to the Nationalrath, or House of Representatives of the Confederation, and Inner Rhodes one, besides the two members which the canton sends to the Standerath, or Senate. Appenzell has taken the civil code of Zurich for its model, and has instituted a court of appeal. The value of real and other property in Outer Rhodes is estimated at .59,028, and in Inner Rhodes at 9600; the revenue of Outer Rhodes at 12,699, and its expenditure, 12,800 (1868); and the revenue of Inner Rhodes at 6031, and its expenditure at 6011. In 1837 the population of the canton was 50,876 ; in 1860, 60,624, of whom 48,604 belonged to the Protestant division; and in 1870, 60,635, of whom 48,726 belonged to Outer Rhodes. This division, therefore, is far more populous and wealthy than the other part of the canton. Its inhabitants are industrious, and carry on large manufactures of cotton and linen goods and embroidery, while the inhabitants of Inner Rhodes are chiefly engaged in the rearing of cattle and the making of cheese. Since railway communication has made the district more accessible, a great number of strangers come to take advantage of the whey-cure establishments at Gais, Weissbad, Gonten, Urnasch, &c. A peculiar dialect differing from the ordinary Swiss German is spoken throughout the canton. Red is the prevailing colour in the national dress ; and athletic sports and rifle-shooting are the favourite amusements. ArpENZELL, the chief town of Inner Rhodes, in the canton of Appenzell, derives its name (Abbatis Cella, Abtenzelle), like Bischofszell and St Peterzell in the same region, from its ancient ecclesiastical connection. It is situated in the beautiful valley of the Sitter, and has a church with an old Gothic choir, two convents, and a council- house. The Landesgemeinde holds its meetings in the open square. In the Archiv are preserved a number of ancient banners, and among them one captured from the Tyrolese, with the grotesque inscription, Hundert Tausend Teufel. The inhabitants, who are almost entirely Roman Catholics, are largely employed in the production of embroidery, and number about 3700. APPERLEY, CHARLES JAMES, a sportsman and sporting writer, better known as &quot;Nimrod,&quot; the nom de plume under which he published his works on the chase and the turf, was born at Plasgronow, near Wrexham, in Denbighshire, in 1777. During the period of his education at Rugby he paid more attention to field-sports than to classics ; and between the years 1805 and 1820 he devoted himself almost wholly to fox-hunting, so that he was by early training well fitted for the position of authority he after wards acquired in the sporting world. About 1821 he began to contribute to the Sporting Magazine, under the pseudonym of &quot; Nimrod,&quot; a series of articles, which from their^ racy character did the magazine admirable service. Its circulation doubled within two years ; and the proprie tor, Mr Pittman, with great liberality, kept for &quot; Nimrod &quot; a stud of hunters, and defrayed all expenses of his tours, besides giving him a handsome salary. The death of Mr Pittman, however, led to a law-suit with the proprietors of the magazine for money advanced to &quot;Nimrod ;&quot; and the latter, to avoid imprisonment, had to take up his residence near Calais (1830), where he supported himself by his writings. He died in London, 19th May 1843. The most important of his works are (1.) Remarks on the Con dition of Hunters, the Choice of Horses, &amp;lt;fec., Lond. 8vo, 1831 ; (2.) The Chase, the Turf, and the Road (originally written for the Quarterly Review), Lond. 1837; (3.) Memoirs of the Life of the late John Mytton, Lond. 1837 ; (4.) Nimrod s Northern Tour, Lond. 1838; (5.) Nimrod Abroad, 2 vols. 12mo. Lond. 1842 ; (6.) The Horse and the Hound (a reprint from the seventh edition of the En cyclopaedia Britannica), 1842 ; (7.) Hunting Reminiscences, Lond. 1843. APPIA VIA, the most celebrated of the ancient Roman roads, connecting the capital with Brundusium. It was commenced by Appius Claudius Csecus (312 B.C.), who carried it from the Porta Capena to Capua (Livy, ix. 29). Its extension to Beneventum, and ultimately to Brundu sium, making its total length about 350 miles, was com pleted before 30 B.C. The pavement, which rested upon several prepared substrata, was formed by large blocks of hard stone (silex] fitted to each other with great exactness. Its breadth was from 14 to 18 feet, excluding the foot paths. The course of the Appian Way is described by Horace, and Statins calls it the Queen of Roads (Regina Viarum). From a statement in Procopinus, it appears that the road was in perfect repair in his time (500-565). APPIAN, an eminent writer of Roman history in Greek under the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He was a native of Alexandria in Egypt, whence he went to Rome, where he became a distinguished advocate, and was chosen one of the procurators of the empire. He did not treat of the history of the Roman empire as a whole, but gave separate accounts of the various provinces as they were attached to the empire. Of his voluminous work there remains only what treats of the Punic, Syrian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those against Hannibal, the civil wars, and the wars in Illyricum, and some fragments of the Celtic and Gallic wars, in all about one-half of the original twenty-two books. An excellent edition of Appian was published by Schweighauser at Leipsic, in 1785, 3 vols. 8vo, in which the extracts from the lost books are collected. The best edition of the text is that of Bekker, 1853. APPIANI, ANDREA, the best fresco painter of his age, born at Milan in 1754, died in 1817. He was made pensioned artist to the kingdom of Italy by Napoleon ; but having lost his allowance after the events of 1814, he fell into poverty. Correggio was his model, and his best pieces, which are in the church of the Virgin and the royal palace of Milan, almost rival those of his great master. He is also said to have painted Napoleon and the chief personages of his court. Among the most graceful of his oil paintings are his &quot; Venus and Love,&quot; and &quot; Orlando in the garden of Arm-Ida.&quot; APPIUS CLAUDIUS. See CLAUDIUS. APPLE. The apple (Pomme, Fr. ; Apfel, Ger.) is the fruit of Pyrus Malus, belonging to the Sub-order Pomaces, of the Natural Order Rosaces. It is one of the most widely cultivated, and best known and appreciated of fruits belong ing to temperate climates. In its wild state it is known as the crab-apple, and is found generally distributed throughout Europe and Western Asia, growing in as high a latitude as Drontheim in Norway. The crabs of Siberia belong to a different species, and are named Pyrus laccata and P. prunifolia. The apple-tree as cultivated is a moderate sized tree with spreading branches, ovate, acutely serrated or crenated leaves, and flowers in corymbs. The fruit is too well known to need any description of its external