Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/212

Rh 198 A P A P covered in it by keen-eyed critics ; but as Clemens Alex- andrinus and Origen failed to see them, and as the great mass of the early church accepted it as eminently fitted to edify, we cannot but think that the critics are wrong. The Pastor ofHermas has come down to us in several Latin translations. Simonides was the first to give us any por tion of it in Greek. He brought three leaves of a codex of it from Mount Athos, with a copy of a considerable portion of the rest. The remainder of the Athos MS. has not been discovered. Tischendorf found a large portion of the Pastor of Hernias in Greek at the end of the Codex Sinaiticus. The Greek is very nearly the same as the Greek of Simonides. There are numerous editions of the works of the apostolic fathers, but special mention may be made of those of Cotelerius, Hefele, Dressel, Hilgenfeld, and Jacobson. Professor Lightfoot s Clemens Romanus is the first part of what promises to be the most satisfactory edition of the apostolic fathers. Translations of all the works mentioned in this article, including the writings attributed to Clemens, are given in Clark s Ante-Nicene Christian Library; and the works are discussed in Hilgen- feld s Apostolische Vdter, 1853, and Donaldson s Apostolical Fathers, 1874. (j. r&amp;gt;.) APOSTOLICI, or APOSTOLIC BRETHREN, a name assumed by three different sects, which professed a close adherence to the doctrines and practice of the apostles. The earliest, known also as the Apotactici, were a branch of the Encratites, and came into existence in the 3d century. According to Epiphanius, their principles were communistic. The second sect of the name was formed in the district surrounding Cologne about the middle of the 1 2th century. Its members were zealous reformers, rejecting the authority of the Pope and the rites and ceremonies of the church. It is not certain that they absolutely rejected marriage, though they preferred celibacy. Founding on the authority of St Paul, the celibates took spiritual sisters, with whom they lived in concubinage. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote against the sect, and some of its most prominent members being brought before the archbishop of Cologne were con demned to the flames. The third sect of Apostolici in chronological order was founded by Gerhard Segarelli, a mechanic of Parma, towards the close of the 13th century. Segarelli, who had sought admission unsuccessfully to the Franciscan order, was much impressed, it is said, by a picture of the apostles which hung in the Franciscan chapel at Parma. Becoming convinced that the much-needed reform of the church could only be effected by a return to the apostolic practice, he sought to establish a community in which the life of the apostles should be imitated as closely as possible. By slow degrees he gathered a con siderable number of followers, chiefly from the lower orders, who went about from place to place clad in white robes, with long beards, dishevelled hair, and bare heads, accom panied by women whom they called their spiritual sisters. Like the other two sects of the same name, they established a community of goods. Though their practice was thus peculiar, their doctrinal teaching did not for a considerable period seriously diverge from the orthodox standard. The arrest of their leader by the bishop of Parma (12SO), and condemnatory decrees issued by Honorius IV. (1286) and Nicolas IV. (1290), changed their position into one of open hostility to the Church of Home. Accepting the predictions of the Abbot Joachim of Flora, they looked for the down fall of the papacy, which they described as the Babylon of Scripture, and the establishment of a new and purer church upon its ruins. Segarelli was accused of heresy in 1294, but escaped for the time by recantation. In 1300, how ever, he was condemned as a relapsed heretic to the flames. His place was immediately taken by Dolcino of Novara, the natural son of a priest, under whom the sect became still larger and more formidable. He seems to have been a man of superior power to Segarelli in all respects, and especially to have had considerable talent as a military leader, having succeeded in carrying on a war for two years against Kaynerius, bishop of Vercelli. In 1307 he was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to a cruel death at Ver celli. The name &quot; Dolcinists/ frequently applied to the sect, marks the extent of Dolcino s influence, as does also an allusion to him in Dante s Inferno. The sect of the Apostolici maintained its existence in spite of continual persecution until the beginning of the 15th century, when it became extinct or was merged in other sects. (See Muratori s &quot; Historia Dulcini,&quot; in his Rerum Italicarum Scriplores, ix. 425; Mosheim s Ceschichte desApostelordens, 1748 ; Neander s Church History, vol. viii. ; Mariotti s Fra Dolcino and his Times, 1853; Milman s Latin Christi anity, vol. vii.) APOSTOLIUS, MICHAEL, a Greek theologian and rhetorician of the 15th century. When, in 1453, the Turks made themselves masters of his native city, Con stantinople, he fled to Italy, and there obtained the pro tection of Cardinal Bessarion. But engaging in the great dispute that then raged between the iipholders of Aristotle and Plato, his zeal for the latter led him to speak so dis respectfully and contemptuously of the more popular philosopher and his defender, Theodoras of Gaza, that he fell under the severe reprehension of his patron, who was too thoroughly a follower of Plato to wish his cause to be maintained by weapons so unworthy. He afterwards re tired to Crete, where, with a &quot; proud humility,&quot; he earned a scanty living by the teaching of children and the copy ing of manuscripts. Many of the productions of his pen are still to be found in the libraries of Europe. One of them, a copy of the Icones of Philostratus at Bologna, bears the inscription : &quot; The king of the poor of this world has written this book for his living.&quot; Of his numerous works a few have been printed : ILapoifjiiai, Basle, 1538, now exceedingly rare ; a collection of proverbs in Greek, of which a fuller edition appeared at Leyden, &quot; Curante Heinsio,&quot; in 1619 ; ratio Panegyrica ad Fredericum III. in Freher s Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, vol. ii., Frankfort, 1624; Georgii Gemisthi Plethonis et Mich. Apostolii Orationes funebres duce in quibus de Immortali- tate Animae exponitur, Leipsic, 1793 ; and a work against the Latin Church and the Council of Florence in Lo Moine s Varia Sacra. Apostolius died about 1480, leav ing two sons, Aristobulus Apostolius and Arsenius. The latter became bishop of Malvasia (Momembasia) in the Morea. APOTHECARY. This name is derived from the Greek A.Tro6r]Kr}, a word used by Galen to denote the repository where his medicines were kept. In Scotland the term is often applied to one who compounds and sells drugs, but this class is now defined in the language of some recent Acts of Parliament as pharmaceutical chemists, and chemists and druggists, both in England and Scotland. In England the name indicates a general practitioner in medicine who supplies drugs to his patients. The Apothecaries Society of London is one of the corporations of that city, and both by Royal Charters and Acts of Parliament exercises the power of granting licences to practise medicine. The members of this society do not possess and never have pos sessed any exclusive power to deal in or sell drugs; and until very lately (1868) any person whatever might open what is called a chemist s shop, and deal in drugs and poisons. In that year, however, the Pharmacy Act was passed, which prohibits any person from engaging in this business without being registered. From early records we learn that the different branches