Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/19

Rh ANCHOVY (Engraulis, Guv.), a family of small fishes akin to the shad and the sprat, all three being of the Chtpeidce, or Herring tribe. There are six or seven species of anchovy found in the seas of Europe, of tropical America, and of India. Of these the most important and the largest is the common anchovy, Engraulis encrasicholus, so called from the bitter taste of its head, and the ancient belief that its bile was in that part. From the days of the Greeks and .Romans it has been esteemed for its delicate and unique flavour ; anchovy sauce is referred to under the name yamm in Horace, Sat. ii. 8, 40. The common anchovy is from five to seven inches long, and resembles the sprat and sardine. Its distinguishing peculiarities are a short anal lin, the dorsal fin right over the ventral, a long sharp head with, projecting upper jaw and mouth cleft behind the eyes, the colour rich bluish green on the back and silvery white on the belly, and large loose silvery scales. Anchovies are abundant on the coasts of Britain, but the markets are supplied chiefly from the Mediterranean fisheries, the best qualities coming from Gorgona, a small island near Leghorn. They leave the Atlantic depths, and come in shoals to the coasts of Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy, to deposit their spawn during the months of May, June, and July. Like herring they are caught with nets at night, being allured round the fishing-boats by fires kept burning at the stern. They are " headed," " gutted," pickled, and packed for exportation in barrels of five to twenty pounds, being repacked when brought to this country, and bottled up for use. Some relish them raw from the brine in which they are pickled; but they are commonly used in the shape of sauce or paste a little vinegar, which dissolves the whole fish, including the bones, being used to produce the necessary consistence.  ANCHYLOSIS, or (from dyKvAos, bent, crooked), stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or only partial, and may be due to disease of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint, or to disease of the joint itself. When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false" anchylosis has been used in contradistinction to "true" anchylosis, in which the disease is within the joint. An chylosis is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to anchylose (or ankylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined together that no motion can take place between them. The form anky- losis agrees best with the etymology.  ANCILLON,, son of David Ancillon, and one of a distinguished family of French Protestants, was born 28th July 1659, at Metz, and died, 5th July 1715, at Berlin. He studied law at Marburg, Geneva, and Paris, where he was called to the bar. At the request of the Huguenots of his native place, he pleaded its cause at the court of Louis XIV., urging that it should be excepted in the revocation of the Edict of Nantes ; but his efforts were so unsuccessful that he quitted the country and joined his father, who was already in Berlin. Thnnigh the influence of his father with the elector of Brandenburg, he was appointed at first judge and director of French refugees, and ultimately embassy counsel, historian to the king, and .superintendent of the French school. He is known chiefly by his writings, several of which relate to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and other events of his time. He also wrote Miscellaneous Literary Criticisms, a Life of Soliman //., and a Treatise on Eunuchs, the last of which he pub lished under the name of Ollincan, an anagram of Ancillon.  ANCILLON,, an eminent French Protestant divine, father of the preceding, was born, 17th March 1617, at Metz,_and died, 3d September 1692, at Berlin. At the age of sixteen he went to Geneva to complete his theo logical studies; and in 1641 he was appointed minister of Meaux, where he remained till 1653. At this time he accepted a call to his native town, Metz; and he continued to officiate there till 1685, when the revocation of the Edict of Nantes compelled him to retire to Frankfort. He left this for Hanau, and finally settled at Berlin, filling the office of French Protestant pastor there, much esteemed by the highest classes, till his death in 1692. He was a scholarly writer, and a man remarkable for the moral beauty of his character.  ANCILLON,, a historian and Prussian statesman, one of the family of French Pro testant refugees noticed above, was born at Berlin, 30th April 1766, and died there, 19th April 1837. Descended from a family of divines, he early selected the ecclesiastical profession, and studied theology first at Berlin and then at Geneva. Shortly after finishing his course he was appointed minister to the French community at Berlin, as well as professor of history in the military academy, and he attracted attention even at court by the eloquence of his style. In 1 793 he visited Switzerland and, a few years after,. France, the details of his journeys and observations being, published on his return. He was a frequent and able contributor to the literary journals of the period, and in 1801 appeared as the author of Literary and Philosophical Miscellanies, revealing a shrewd, philosophic cast of mind. Ancillon took rank among the most famous historians of his day by his next work, A Picture of Political Revolu tions in Europe since the 15th Century, which gained him the eulogium of the Institute of France, and admission to- the Eoyal Academy of Berlin. It is unfortunate that this work was never finished, for it is one of the ablest and most philosophical on the subject. The merits of Ancillon were not overlooked. He was appointed tutor to the prince royal of Prussia and his cousin in 1806, by Frederic William III., and received various appointments from the- Government. In 1814 he accompanied the princes to Paris, and there became acquainted with Guizot, De Broglie, and other persons of eminence. After completing the term of his office as tutor, he was attached to the department of foreign affairs, and made a counsellor of state. He took an active part in many diplomatic transactions, rendering his country some signal services, and securing more and more the confidence of the court. Soon after the revolution of July 1830, he was made minister of foreign affairs, with the entire control of the whole department; and he retained the title of minister of state till his death. Besides the works already mentioned, he published, in 1817, New Literary and Philosophical Miscellanies; in 1819, The Science of Politics ; in 1824, Objects of Faith and Knoidedge in Philosophy; in 1829, Thoughts on Man his Relations and Interests; and a number of other works on politics and philosophy.  ANCONA, a province of the kingdom of Italy, bounded on the N. by the Adriatic Sea and the province of Pesaro-Urbino, on the W. by Pesaro-Urbino and Umbria, on the S. by Macerata, and on the E. by the Adriatic. It forms part of the old district of the Marches, which passed from the dominion of the Pope to that of Victor Emmanuel in 1860. The Marches comprise the March of Ancona on the north and the March of Fermo on the south, although the whole territory is sometimes called the March of Ancona. The name, however, has long ceased to be the official designation of any part of Italy, and the present province of Ancona, which has an area of 740 square miles, and a population of 262,369, corresponds in extent neither to the March of Ancona, nor to the Papal delegation of the same name. There is little that is peculiar in the physical features of the province; the rivers are small and unim portant, and the hills are of no great height. Agriculture is the chief industry, and the soil, although naturally poor, yields large and profitable crops through the energy of its