Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/161

Rh A N V A P A 147 and was embalmed after death, and tliis animal represented, according to Clement of Alexandria, either the two hemi spheres which environed the terrestrial globe, or the tropics. Figures of Anubis in porcelain are not uncommon in Egyptian collections, having been attached to the outer network of bugles which covered the mummies, but in other materials they are much rarer. The jackal, his animal and emblem, is, however, often placed on chests, or other sepulchral monuments. His worship commenced at the earliest period of Egyptian history, and continued, in one form or another, till Egyptian paganism was superseded by Christianity. He was, in fact, one of the oldest, if not the oldest deity of the paganism of the world. (Wilkinson, Mann, and Gust. vol. iii. p. 440, /.; Birch, Gallery of Antiquities, p. 43 ; Bunsen, Egypt s . Place, vol. i. 2d ed. p. 240; Plutarch, De Iside,c. 14; Josephus, Ant. xviii. c. C ; Brugsch, Die Geographic dcs alien jEgyptens, L taf. 23, 25 ; Jablonsky, Panth. jEgypt. iii. p. 3, /.) (s. B.) ANVIL, an iron block, with a smooth flat steel face, on which the malleable metals are hammered and shaped. They are of all sizes, from the tiny anvils used by the watchmaker to the ponderous masses employed in the arsenal of Woolwich. The common blacksmith s anvil is built up of six pieces welded to a central core, viz., four corner pieces, a projecting end, with a square hole for the reception of a chisel with its edge uppermost, and a conical end for hammering curved pieces of metal. These six pieces are first roughly welded to the core, and the whole is then thoroughly hammered and suitably shaped. A thin facing of steel is next welded on and carefully tem pered; the surface of this is then ground perfectly flat, and, if need be, polished. ANWARI, one of the earlier Persian poets, was born in Khorassan, in the 12th century. He enjoyed the especial favour of the Sultan Sandjar, whom he attended in all his warlike expeditions. On one occasion, when the sultan was besieging the fortress of Hazarasp, a fierce poetical conflict was maintained between Anwari and his rival Rasheedi, who was within the beleaguered castle, by means of verses fastened to arrows. Anwari died at Balkh about 1200. The Diivan, or collection of his poems, consists of a series of long poems, and a number of simpler lyrics. His longest piece, The Tears of Khorassan, trans lated into English verse by Captain Kirkpatrick, appeared in the Asiatic Miscellany. ANWEILER, or ANNWEILEB, a town of Bavaria, in the Rhine Palatinate, situated on the Queich, 8 miles W. of Landau, containing 2734 inhabitants, who are chiefly em ployed in cloth weaving, brushinaking, tanning, and dyeing. Near it is the castle of Trifels, in which Richard Cceur de Lion was imprisoned in 1193. ANXENOR, a Greek sculptor, a native of Naxus, known only from the inscription on a sepulchral relief in Orchomenus, of which he was the author. From the style of the sculpture, and the form of the letters, it is inferred that he had lived in the early part of the 5th century B.C. ANZIN, a town of France, in the department of Nord, situated on the Escaut (Scheldt), not far from Valen ciennes, in the centre of the most valuable coal-mining district in France, a large part of which takes its name from the town, and gives employment to about 6000 persons. Anzin also possesses iron foundries, glass-works, breweries, and distilleries of considerable value. Popula tion, 7283. AOSTA, a town of the kingdom of Italy, the capital of a circle of the same name in the province of Turin, situ ated on the Dora Baltea, at the point where the roads over Great and Little St Bernard meet, 49 miles N. of Turin. It is a tolerably well-built place, containing a cathedral, and a fine town hall, as well as a triumphal arch, an amphitheatre, and other Roman remains. The inhabi tants, Avho number 7G69, carry on a considerable trade in wine, cheese, leather, and hemp. Aosta, the ancient Augusta Pretoria, celebrated as the birth-place of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, was formerly the capital of a duchy of the same name in Piedmont, which eventu ally became a province of Sardinia, and was merged in the Italian province of Turin in 1861. The Val d Aosta, which formed the greater part of Aosta province, produces large quantities of grain, fruit, and cattle, while the moun tains abound in iron and other minerals. Cretinism prevails extensively among the inhabitants. APAMEA, in Ancient Geography, the name of several Asiatic cities : 1. A large city of Syria, in the valley of the Orontes, so named by Seleucus Nicator, after Apama, his wife. It continued to be a place of importance down to the time of the Crusades, when it was known as Fdmieh, and is supposed to be represented by the extensive ruins at Kulat-el-Mudyk. 2. A large commercial city in Phrygia, which owed its existence to Antiochus Soter, and its name to his mother, Apama. It is identified with the modern Denair, where there are still a number of ancient ruins. 3. A city mentioned by Stephanus and Pliny as situated near the Tigris, the identification of which is still un certain. 4. Now Bum-Kala, on the left of the Euphrates, opposite Zeugma. 5. The name given to Myrlea of Bithynia, by Prusias I., who rebuilt it. The ruins lie near Medania. 6. A Greek city in Parthia, near Rhagas. APANAGE (apanagium, probably from panis, bread), the provision in the form of lands or feudal superiorities made for younger sons by the kings of France. The custom of bestowing apanages was first established under the dynasty of the Capets ; the rule at an earlier period being that the kingdom should be divided as equally as possible among all the members of the family on the death of the sovereign. Hallam (Middle Ages, c. i. part 2) points out how the possession of apanages made the princes of the blood royal &quot; a distinct and formidable class of men.&quot; They were generally opposed to the sovereign, and the sovereign on his part endeavoured to check their power as much as possible. From the time of Louis VIII. apanages were held subject to the condition that they should revert to the crown on the extinction of heirs-male. (See Pasquier s Recherches, ii. 18; Renault s Histoire de France, anno 1283.) In England, where apanage is not a legal term, the word is used popularly in a variety of cognate senses. APATIN, a town of Hungary, situated on the left bank of the Danube, 125 miles S. of Pesth. It has manufac tures of woollen cloth and silk, dye-works, and a consider able trade in raw silk, hemp, madder, and woad. Popula tion, 11,047. APATURIA ( A-n-aTovpia), a Greek festival held annually by all the Ionian towns except Ephesus and Colophon, the reason assigned for their exception being some suspicion of a murder (Herod., L 147). But, unless at Athens, little is known of the manner in which it was conducted. There it fell in the month of Pyanepsion, corresponding nearly to our November, and lasted three days, the occasion being one on which the various phratriae, or clans of Attica, met to arrange matters proper to each, and hence the name has been traced to a form, airaropLa, in the sense of ap-airaropia, or ofAOTraTopta, meaning &quot; a ceremony for the assertion of relationship.&quot; According to the popular derivation, how ever, the festival originated 1100 B.C., to commemorate an encounter between the Athenians and Boeotians, in which the king of Attica, Thymcetes, having been challenged to single combat by the Boeotian king, Xanthius or Xanthus, and, being afraid to meet him, accepted as a substitute Melanthus, an exile, with the condition of his succeeding,