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Rh A N T A N T 135 end permanent results. In the vast range of subjects with which both classes of inquirers have to do, religious rites, social customs, legal forms, architectural remains, .sculptures, paintings, and so on, it is plain that the more decidedly anything takes outward form the more un doubtedly it is the property of the antiquary rather than of the historian; and thence it has happened that the anti quary is not unfrequently thought of as having little con cern with anything beyond purely material relics. With respect to its treatment of the past three periods in a nation s history may be roughly distinguished the period of emotional interest, the period of neglect, and the period of scientific attention. To the last of these the true antiquarian spirit belongs. Of the prevalence of this spirit in the classical ages of Greece and Home we have but little evidence, though a considerable interest in archaeological subjects was manifested by the greater historical intellects, such as Thucydides, Polybius, or Livy. But in the Alex andrian school there was a great, though somewhat irre gular, development of autiquarianism, which acquired more of a scientific character from its being rather cosmopolitan than national. At the revival of learning, when such enthusiasm was felt for everything classical, the relics of Greece and Rome were carefully collected and preserved; but it was some time before a transition took place from classical to national antiquarianism ; and hence it is that the earliest literature of archaeology is almost solely confined to the classical area. Manutius the younger (15 11-1 574), Sigonius (1520-1584), Meursius (1579-1639), Grater (1560-1627), Gronovius (1645-1716), Graevius( 1632-1 703), Pitiscus (1637-1 727), &c., kept up the line of laborious scholarship which laid the massive foundations of our present archaeological erudition. The discoveries at Herculaneum (1713) and Pompeii (1755) gave a great impulse to such studies in general, besides supplying a special field of inquiry for such men as Venuti, Jorio, Bayardi, Kossini, and Ciampitto, Mazois, Gau, Gell, Barre&quot;, Fiorelli, Overbeck, Dyer, Monier, Garrucci, &c. The names of Heeren, Mtiller, Niebuhr, Creuzer, Boeckh, Hartung, and Zumpt are well known to all who are familiar with the subject of classical antiquities; and to these may be added Curtius, Waddington, Braun, Lasaulx, Le Bas, Rovilez, Rangabe, Schomann, .Canina, Panofka, Becker, Marquardt, and Lange. The results of their labours have been collected in such books as Pauly s Encyclopiidie der classischenAlterthumsivissenschaft; Smith s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ; and Darem- berg and Saglio s Dictionnaire des Antiquitcs grecques et romaines. The capitals of Greece and Italy have naturally attracted particular attention to themselves. On Rome we have the special works of Desgodetz (1682), Piranesi (1784), Overbeck, Rossini, Reber, Dyer, Reumont, Nibby, besides the famous Beschreibuny by Bunsen, Platner, Gerhard, Rostell, &amp;lt;fcc. ; on Athens those of Leake, Forch- hammer, Wordsworth, Stuart and Revett, Beule, Laborde, &c. In connection with Etruscan antiquities, Micali, Dempster, Inglirami, Dennis, Hamilton, Heyne, Lanzi, and Raoul- Rochette are well known. The mysteries of the Egyptian monuments have found interpreters in Young, Champollion, Bunsen, Letronne, Lenoir, Leemans, Sharpe, &c. ; while the marvels of Assyria have employed the energies of such men as Botta, Layard, Rawlinson, Munter, Grotefend, Rask, Burnouf, Lassen, Westergaard, Hincks, De Saulcy, Holtz- mann, Haug, Spiegel. The antiquities of the northern nations of Europe have been treated by Mallet, Thorlacius, Nyerup, Werlauff, Worsaae, Thomson, Brunius, Grupen, Heineccius, Roessig; those of France by Montfaucon, Caylus, Martin, Sauvagere, Rame, Lajard, Renouvier, Didron, Gailhabaud, Gilbert, Beugnot, Cochet, and a multitude of others. The Russian antiquities have been magnificently represented in a great work issued by order of the Government. In our own country the names of Leland, Camden, Hearne, Dugdale, Grose, and Roy, are not forgotten in the newer fame of Fosbrooke, Palgrave, Ellis, Wright, Stuart, Wilson, Brand, Lodge, Laing, Bateman, &c. For a know ledge of American antiquities we are largely indebted to Davies, Squier, Lapharn, Haven, Rosny, Stephens; and for those of Mexico to Ranking. In what are called ecclesiastical antiquities, besides the older works of Ugolinus, Canisius, and Bingham, we may mention Buchon, Bourasse, Martigny, Guenebault. The names of Lubbock and Tylor are especially famous in those inquiries which relate to the general condition of primeval humanity. Associations of various kinds have naturally been formed by scholars interested in archaeological pursuits for tho promotion of their favourite studies, and a large number of periodical publications have been established, partly in connection with such associations, and partly as matters of commercial speculation. As early as 1572, in our own country, a sort of society was formed by Bishop Parker, Sir Robert Cotton, William Camden, and a few kindred spirits, for the preservation of the national antiquities, and it continued to exist till 1604, when it was broken up by James I., who was afraid that it might degenerate into a political association. Papers on subjects discussed by them have been preserved in the Cottonian library, and were printed by Hearne, in 1720, as A Collection of Curious Discourses, and again, in 1771, by Sir Joseph Ayloffe, with considerable additions. In 1707 Humphry Wanley and a number of other gentlemen began to meet together for a similar purpose, and next year they received the co-operation of the brothers Gale, Dr Stukeley, Rymer, &c. In 1717 they were reconstituted, and in 1750 they obtained a charter from George II. as the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1780 they were presented by George III. with apartments in Somerset House in the Strand. The council consists of twenty members and a president, who, during his tenure of office, is one of the trustees of the British Museum. The /Society of Antiquaries of Scotland was founded in 1780, and has the management of a large national Anti quarian Museum in Edinburgh. In Ireland there is a Royal Historical and Archaeological Association, which holds its meetings at Kilkenny. The Societe des Anti- quaires de France was formed, in 1813, by the reconstruc tion of the Academie Critique, which had been in existence since 1805 In Germany there are a large number of societies that, under the name of Histoi-ische Vereine, embrace the study of antiquarian subjects, and keep up a connection with each other through the Correspondenzblatt des Gesammtvereins der deutschen Geschichts- und Alter- thicmsverewe, published since 1853 at Stuttgart. There is a well-known Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord at Copenhagen. Similar associations, far too numerous to mention, have been formed in all countries of European civilisation. The word antiquarius first appears in the later Roman classics (Tacitus, Suetonius, Juvenal), with the signification of an affecter of old words and phrases. In the Middle Ages it was employed as the designation of one who was skilled in copying ancient manuscripts ; and in modern German it has kept, in the form Antiquar, the cognate meaning of a dealer in old books. ANTISEPTICS (avri, against, and O^TTTOS, putrid, from O-T/TTCO, to make rotten), substances which have the property of preventing or arresting putrefaction in dead animal or vegetable matter. The access of air, together with a moderate amount of warmth and of moisture, are neoes-