Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/147

Rh A N T A N T 133 nius, tlie Sophist, who had a school in Autioch in the time of the emperor Julian ; and, (3) Chrysostoni (John), patriarch of Constantinople. (A. s. M.) ANTIOCH IN PISIDIA, another of the many cities founded by Seleucus Nicator, was situated on the south side of the range of mountains between Phrygia and Pisidia. Its remains, which were identified by Aruudel in 1833, are close to the modern Yalobatch, in lat. 38 18 N., and long. 31 23 E., and include the ruins of several temples, a theatre, and a magnificent aqueduct. It was against the Jewish inhabitants of this Autioch that Paul and Barnabas &quot; shook off the dust of their feet&quot; (Acts xiiL 51). ANTIOCHUS I. (SoTER, the Deliverer) succeeded his father Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the Syrian kingdom, iu 280 B.C. He maintained for a time his father s Mace donian policy, but at length came to terms with Antigonus Gonatas. Successful at first against the Gauls, n*ho had invaded Asia Minor, he was finally slain by them in battle (261 B.C.) ANTIOCHUS II. (THEOS, the God), the son and succes sor of Antiochus I. Under him Syria was troubled with a long Egyptian war, and lost Parthia and Bactria, which became independent. He was forced by Ptolemy of Egypt to put away his wife and marry an Egyptian princess, Berenice ; but on Ptolemy s death Berenice was discarded, and Laodice restored. The latter, however, out of revenge or mistrust, procured the death of her husband, her rival, and their son, 246 B.C. ANTIOCHUS III., surnamed the Great, was the son of Seleucus Callinicus, and ascended the Syrian throne at the age of fifteen, on the death of his brother, Seleucus Ceraunus. His reign embraced a series of wars against revolted provinces and neighbouring kingdoms, in the pro secution of which his disasters and successes were equally great. His march to India ; his agreement with Philip of Macedonia for the partition of Egypt; his conquest of Palestine and Coele-Syria ; his occupation of Asia Minor and the Thracian Chersonese; his collision with the Romans ; his expedition into Greece, with the defeat at Thermopylae by Acilius Glabrio, and at Mount Sipylus (in Asia Minor) by Scipio ; and his dearly purchased peace in 188 B.C., are the chief events of his life. He was killed in an attempt to plunder a temple at Elyniais, 187 B.C., and was succeeded by his son Seleucus Philopator. ANTIOCHUS IV. (EPIPHANES, the Illustrious, and by parody, EPIMANES, the Insane), who had been a hostage in Koine from 187 B.C., ascended the Syrian throne on the death of Seleucus, 175 B.C., and soon made himself famous by his conquest of Coele-Syria, Palestine, and Egypt itself, with the exception of Alexandria, which would likely have also been his if the Romans had not interfered and for bidden him the country. During his Egyptian campaigns he twice took Jerusalem (170 and 168 B.C.); but he appears to have seen that he could never hope to subdue Judaea until he had rooted out the peculiar Jewish religion. He accordingly promulgated a decree, enjoining uniformity of worship throughout his dominions; and, on the refusal of the Jews to obey it, he went in person to Jerusalem and endeavoured to force on them the worship of the Greek deities. This persecuting policy stirred up the successful resistance of the Maccabees ; and it was while hastening to quell this revolt that he fell ill of a loathsome disease, and died, raving mad, at Taboo, in Persia, 164 B.C. His death was thought by the Jews to be an appropriate punishment for his persecution of them. ANTIOCHUS VIIL, king of Syria, was the second son of Demetrius Nicator. During his reign (125-96 B.C.) those discords and wars began between the princes of the royal house of Syria, which form almost its sole history, till the kingdom vraa reduced to a Roman colony in 65 B.C. ANTIOCHUS, OF ASCALOK, a philosopher of the 1st century before Christ, who, coming under the influence of Philo the Academic and of Mnesarchus the Stoic, was led to attempt a reconciliation between their antagonistic doctrines, and thus gave rise to what has been called the Fifth Academy. In regard to the great question of the degree of certainty attainable by man, he held, iii opposi tion to the scepticism of Philo, that the hitman intellect has in itself a sufficient test of truth ; and in regard to the question wherein happiness consists, he maintained that, while virtue was the greatest essential, the circum stances of life were not a matter of indifference. Of his writings none have been preserved to us ; and for the greater part of our information we are indebted to Cicero, who had studied under him at Athens, and continued to keep up a friendly intercourse with him afterwards. He visited Alexandria and Rome, and lectured on philosophy in both cities. ANTIOPE (1), in Greek legend, the mother of Amphion and Zethus, was, according to the Odyssey (xi. 260), a daughter of the river god Asopus. In later poems, as iu the Cypria, she is described as the daughter of Lycurgus, who appears as a king of Thebes. Her beauty attracted Jupiter, who, assuming the form of a satyr, took her by force. After this she was carried off by Epopeus, king of Sicyou, who would not yield his possession of her till com pelled by her uncle Lycus. On the way home she gave birth, in the neighbourhood of Eleuthersa, to the twins Amphion and Zethus, of whom the former, some supposed, was the son of the god, the other the son of Epopeus. Both were left to be brought up by herdsmen. At Thebes Antiope now suffered from the persecution of Dirce, the wife of Lycus, but at last escaped towards Eleutheroe, and there found shelter, unknowingly, in the house where her two sons were living as herdsmen. Here she was discovered by Dirce, who ordered the two young men to tie her to the horns of a wild bull. They were about to obey, when the old herdsman, who had brought them up, revealed his secret, and they now carried out the punishment on Dirce instead. For this, it is said, Bacchus, to whose worship Dirce had been devoted, visited Autiope with madness, which caused her to wander restlessly all over Greece till she was cured, and thereafter married by Phocus of Tithorea, on Mount Parnassus, where at last both were buried. Their tomb is mentioned by Pausauias, ix. 17, 4, x. 32, 7. ANTIOPE (2), an Amazon who bore to Theseus a son, Hippolytus. As to how Theseus became possessed of her there are various reports. Either she gave herself up to him out of love, when with Hercules he captured Themiscyra, the seat of the Amazons, or she fell to his lot then as a captive. Or again, Theseus himself invaded the dominion of the Amazons and carried her off, the consequence of which w r as a counter-invasion of Attica by the Amazons. After four months of war peace was made, and Autiopo left with Theseus as a peace-offering. In another account she had joined the Amazons against him because he had been untrue to her in desiring to marry Pheedra. Antiopo is said to have been killed by another Amazon, Molpadia, a rival in her affection for Theseus. Elsewhere it was believed that he had himself killed her, and fulfilled an oracle to that effect. ANTIPAROS, the ancient Oliarcs, an island of the kingdom of Greece, one of the Cyclades, in the modern eparchy of Naxos, situated on the west of Paros, from which it is separated by a strait about a mile and a half wide at the narrowest point. It is 7 miles long by 3 broad, and contains about 500 inhabitants, most of whom are collected in Kastro, a village on the north coast ; their chief employments are agriculture and fishing. The only remarkable feature in the island is a stalactite cavern,