Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/101

Rh Benares, to study the languages, antiquities, and sacred laws of the Hindus ; but the capture of Pondicherry obliged him to quit India. Returning to Europe in an English vessel, he spent some time in London and Oxford, and then set out for France. He arrived in Paris in May 1762, without fortune or the desire of acquiring it, but esteeming himself rich in the possession of one hundred and eighty Oriental manuscripts, besides other curiosities. The Abbo Barthelemy procured for him a pension, with the appointment of interpreter of Oriental languages at the Royal Library. In 1763 he was elected an associate of the Academy of the Belles Letters ; and began to arrange for the publication of the materials he had collected during his Eastern travels. In 1771 he published in three vols. 4to, the Zend-Avesta, containing collections from the sacred writings of the Persians, a life of Zoroaster, and fragments of works ascribed to that sage. The work was a very im portant} accession to our stores of Oriental literature. Sir John Malcolm (Hist, of Persia, vol. i. p. 193, note) refers to the Zend-Avesta as the most authentic source of infor mation on the religion and institutions of the great Persian legislator. In 1778 he published his Legislation Orientale, in which he controverted the system of Montesquieu, and endeavoured to prove that the nature of Oriental despotism had been greatly misrepresented. His Recherches His- toriques et G Gograpliiqv.es sur I lnde appeared in 1786, and formed part of Thieffenthaler s Geography of India. The Revolution seems to have greatly affected him. During that period he abandoned society, and shut himself up in literary seclusion. In 1798 he published in 2 vols. 8vo, L Inde en Rapport avec I Europe, a work remarkable for its invectives against the English, and its numerous misrepresentations. In 1804 he published in 2 vols. 4to, a Latin translation from the Persian of the Oupnek kat or Upanischada, i.e., secrets which must not be revealed. It is a curious mix ture of Latin, Greek, Persian, Arabic, and Sanscrit. (See Ed. Rev., vol. i. pp. 412-421). On the reorganisation of the Institute, Anquetil was elected a member, but soon afterwards gave in his resignation. He died at Paris 17th January 1805. Besides the works named above, he was the author of several others on subjects connected with the history and antiquities of the East. See Biographic, Universelle; Monthly Revieie, vol. Ixi. ; Lord Teignmouth s Life of Sir William Jones.  ANSBACH, or, originally, a of , capital of the circle of , and formerly of the of Ansbach, situated on the , 25 s S.W. of , and 90 N. of. It is a pleasantly-built place, containing a, once the residence of the s, and still noted for the s that surround it; several es, the finest of which are those dedicated to and ; a ; and a picture gallery. The chief of Ansbach are, , and half- stuffs, , , , and. There is a considerable in, , and. In 1791 the last of Ansbach sold his principality to,  of ; it was transferred by  to  in 1806, an act which was confirmed by the  in 1815. Population of the town, 12,635.  ANSELM, of, was born in , at or near , in. His family was accounted noble, and was possessed of considerable. Gundulph, his father, was by birth a, and seems to have been a man of harsh and violent temper; his mother, Ermenberga, was a prudent and virtuous woman, from whose careful religious training the young Anselm derived much benefit. At the early age of fifteen he desired to devote himself to the service of by entering a convent, but he could not obtain his father’s consent. Disappointment brought on an, on his recovery from which he seems for a time to have given up his studies, and to have plunged into the gay life of the world. During this time his mother died, and his father’s harshness became unbearable. He left home, and with only one attendant crossed the, and wandered through and. Attracted by the fame of his countryman,, then of , he entered , and, after spending some time at , settled at the  of. There, at the age of twenty-seven, he became a ; three years later, when was promoted to the  of, he was elected. This office he held for fifteen years, and then, in, on the death of , the warrior monk who had founded the , he was made. Under his rule became the first seat of learning in, a result due not more to his intellectual powers than to the great moral influence of his noble character, and his loving, kindly discipline. It was during these quiet years at that Anselm wrote his first  and  works, the s on  and, and the two celebrated treatises, the Monologion and Proslogion. Meanwhile the convent had been growing in wealth, as well as in reputation, and had acquired considerable in, which it became the duty of Anselm occasionally to visit. By his mildness of temper and unswerving rectitude, he so endeared himself to the that he was looked upon and desired as the natural successor to, then  of. But on the death of that great man, the ruling sovereign,, seized the possessions and revenues of the , and made no new appointment. About four years after, in, on the invitation of , of , Anselm with some reluctance, for he feared to be made , crossed to. He was detained by business for nearly four s, and when about to return, was refused permission by the king. In the following year fell ill, and thought his  was at hand. Eager to make for his  with regard to the ric, he nominated Anselm to the vacant, and, after a great struggle, compelled him to accept the. After obtaining from his duties in, Anselm was d in. He demanded of the king, as the conditions of his retaining office, that he should give up all the possessions of the, accept his spiritual counsel, and acknowledge as  in opposition to the ,. He only obtained a partial consent to the first of these, and the last involved him in a serious difficulty with the king. It was a that the  of s could not be completed without their receiving from the hands of the  the , or. Anselm, accordingly, insisted that he must proceed to to receive the. But would not permit this; he had not acknowledged, and he maintained his right to prevent any  being acknowledged by an  without his permission. A great of churchmen and nobles, held to settle the matter, advised Anselm to submit to the king, but failed to overcome his mild and patient firmness. The matter was postponed, and meanwhile privately sent messengers to, who acknowledged  and prevailed on him to send a  to the king bearing the. A partial reconciliation was then effected, and the matter of the was compromised. It was not given by the king, but was laid on the at, whence Anselm took it. Little more than a after, fresh trouble arose with the king, and Anselm resolved to proceed to  and seek the counsel of his .