Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 19.djvu/890

Rh 866 P R P R O Ul L,alllMllla UUMralUVO| *I/lmIC3 t*CO w(.c/lgc.o AT ! r OMBVf AWLffJ, *u ol-ill*a, li. iv. (3) SCHMITZ (nucleus of yeast), Sitzb. d. niederrhein. Gesellsch., August 1879. (4) FLEMMINC, (Karyokinesis), Virchow s Archir, Ixxvii., 1879. (5) BRANDT (chlorophyll in animals), Sitzungsbericht der Gesellsch. Xaturfortch. Freunde lu Berlin, No. 9, 1881. (6) MECZNIKOW (phagocytes), Arbeiten a. d. loi-t. ) SOKOHIX U ursunai, Annans aes sciences aaiareitei [Doaaaquof, 187f&amp;gt;, p. 40. (18) CIENKOWSKI (Eiiteromyxa), cited in (13) by Zopf, p. 114. (19) CIENKOWSKI (Colpodella), &quot; Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Jlonaden,&quot; Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anal., vol. i. (20) CIEXKOWSKI (Pseudospora), same as (18). (21) WORONIN (Plasmodiophora), Pringsheim s Jahrbiicher, xi. 548. (22) GOBEL T~ - &quot;lora, Xo. 23, 1884. (23) SOROKIN (Gloidium), Morphol. Jaf 1 - vol. vii., 18/8. (28) HUXLEY (Bathybius), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. viii., 18*J3. (29) BESSELS (Protobathybius), Jenaische Zeitschrift, ix. ; also American Naturalist, ix. (30) STRASBUUGKR (nuclei of Mycetozoa), Zellbildung und Zelltheilung, 3d ed.. p. 79. (31) FATOD (Copromyxa), Botan. Zeitung, 1883, Xo. 11. (32) GREEFF (Pelomyxa=Pelobius), Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anatomie, vi., iS70. (33) BUCK (Arcella, spore-bud production), Zeitsch. iciss. Zoologie, xxx. (34) LANKESTER, E. RAY (Lithamceba), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. xix., 1879. (35) CIENKOWSKI (Labyrinthula), Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anat., vol. iii., 1867, p. 274. (36) ARCHER (Chlamydomyxa), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. xv., 1875. (37) CIEXKOWSKI (Xuclearia), Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anat., vol. i., 1865. (38) ARCHER (Diaphorophodon, &c.). Quart. Jour. Micr.*Sci., vols. ix., x., 1869-70. (39) SIDDALL (Shepheardella), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. xx., 1880, p. 130. (40) CARPENTER (shell of Orbitolites), Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 1883, part ii. ^J t *~ Attrr..* ir.u ^5UCH Ui _M ulL Ultco^, J nil. 1 I UltA, luy. OWL. 2jurtuU7l, loo-}, IKUT 11. (41) CARPENTER (Eoozopn), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vols. xxi. and xxii. ; and Annals and Mag. yat. Hist., xiii. (42) HAECKEL (Radioloria), Jenaische Zeitschr., Leipsic, 187fi. (47) LEUCKART (Sporozoa), Die menschlichen Parasiten, 2d od., 1879. (48) SCHNEIDER, AIM. (Gregarinidea), Archives d. Zoologie jixperim., 1873, p. 515, 1875, p. 432 and p. 493, 1881, p. 387. (49) KLOSS (Coccidiide of Helix), Abhand. d. Senkcnberg. naturf. Gesellsch., i., 1855. (50) LANKESTER, E. KAY (Drepanidium), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. xxii., 1882, p. 53. (51) LIEBEEKUHN (Coccidium of Frog s kidney), Archiv /. Anat. and Physiolog., 1854. (52) CIEXKOWSKI (Amoebidlum), Botan. Zeitung, 19 Jahrg., 1801, p. 169. (53) VON LBNDENFELD (parasitic amoeboid organism), in Proceedings of Linnean Society of Jfew South Wales, 1885. (54) LANKKSTER, E. RAY (Monocystis pellucida), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. (new series), vol. vi., 18fi(&amp;gt;. (55) LANKKSTER, E. RAY (Mono- cystis aphroditx), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. (new series), vol. iii., 1863. (56) HERTWIO, R. (Aphrothoraca), in Organismus der Radiolarien, Jena, 1879. (57) ARCHER (Chlamydophora), &quot;Re sumd, &c.,&quot; Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. xvi., 1876. (58) HKRTWIG, R., and LESSER (Chalarothoraca), Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anat., x., Supplement, 1874. (59) LANKESTER, E. RAY (Haliphysema), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. (new scries), vol. xix., 1879. (60) HAECKEL (Physemaria), Jenaische Zeitschr., x. (61) BESSELS (Astrorhiza), Jenaische Zeitschr., ix. (62) CARPENTER (classification of Retlcularia), &quot;Researches on the Foraminifera,&quot; Phil. Trans., 1856-59-60. (63) HAECKEL (Radiolaria), Die Radiolarien, Berlin, 1862. (64) LANKESTER, E. RAY (term Corticata), Preface to the English edition of Gegenbaur s Elements of Comparative Anatomy, 1878. (65) CIENKOWSKI (Ciliophrys), Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anat., xii., 1876, p. 15-50. (66) DALLINGER and DRYSDALE (hooked and springing .Monads), a series of papers in the Monthly Microscopical Journal, 1873-74-75. (67) DALLINGER (Trepomonas), President s Address, Jour, of the Roy. Micr. Soc., April 1885. (68) JAMES CLARK (Choanotiagellata, Memoirs of the Boston Society of Nat. Hist., 1867, vol. i. (69) SAVILLE KENT (Choano flagellata), Monthly Microscopical Journal, vol. vi., 1871. (70) LEWIS, T. R. (Hrernatozoic Flagellata), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. xxiv., 1884, and vol. xix., 1879. (71) SAVILLE KENT, Manual of the Infusoria, London, 1882. (72) SALLITT, J. (chlorophyll of Ciliata), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., 1884. (73) BALBIAHI (sexuality of Ciliata), Journal de la Physiologic, i., iii., and iv., and Archives de Zool. Efperim., ii., 1873. (74) BUTSCHLI (conjugation of Ciliata), Abhand. d. Senkenberg. naturf. Gesellschaft., x., 1876. (75) LANKESTER (Opalina=Anaplo- phyra), Quart. Jow. Micr. Sci. (new series), vol. x., 1870. (76) ALLMAN (encysted Vorticellai), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. (new series), vol. xii., 1872, p. 393. (77) HAECKEL (structure of Ciliata), Zur Morphologic der Infusorien, Leipsic, 1873. (78) ALLMAN (trichocysts of Ciliata), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. iii., 1855. (79) STEIN (relations of Acinetse to Ciliata) Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere, Abth. i., Leipsic, 1859. (80) STEIN (Dinofiagellata), Der Organismus, &c., Abth. iii., Leipsic, 1883. (81) BERGH (Dinoflagellata), Morpholog. Jahrb., vii., 1881. (82) BVJTSCHLI (Dinofiagellata), Morpholog. Jahrb., x., 1885. (83) KLEBS (Dino- flagelltita), Botan. Zeitung, 1884, pp. 722, 737. (84) GRCBEU (nuclei of Ciliata), Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, xi., 1884. (85) FOETTINGES (Opalinopsis, &c.), Archii-es de Biologic, vol. ii. (86) ALLMAN (Xoctiluca), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. (new series), vol. xii., 1872, p. 326. (87) CIENKOWSKI (Noctiluca spores), Arch, f. Mikrosk. Anat., vii., 1871. (88) HERTWIG (Leptodiscus), Jenaische Zeitschr., xi., 1877. (89) FRAIPONT, &quot; Recherches sur les Acine&quot;tiniens de la cote d Ostende,&quot; Bulletins de VAcad. Roy. Bruxelles, 1877-78. (90) SCRIRAY, Magasin de Zoologie, 1836. (91) ALLMAN (Peridinium), Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., iii., 1855. (92) LEIOY, U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories, vol. xii. (93) CLAPAHEDE and LACHMANN, Etudes sur les Infusoires et les Khizopodes, Geneva, 1858-61. (E. R. L.) PROUDHOX, PIERRE JOSEPH (1809-1865), a well- known revolutionary writer, was born in 1809 at Besangon, France, the native place also of the socialist Fourier. His origin was of the humblest, his father being a brewer s cooper ; and the boy herded cows and followed other simple pursuits of a like nature. But he was not entirely self-educated ; at sixteen he entered the college of his native place, though his family was so poor thq,t he could not procure the necessary books, and had to borrow them from his mates in order to copy the lessons. There is a story of the young Proudhon returning home laden with prizes, but to find that there was no dinner for him. At nineteen he became a working compositor ; afterwards he rose to be a corrector for the press, reading proofs of ecclesiastical works, and thereby acquiring a very compet ent knowledge of theology. In this way also he came to learn Hebrew, and to compare it with Greek, Latin, and French ; and it was the first proof of his intellectual audacity that on the strength of this he wrote an &quot; Essai de grammaire generale.&quot; As Proudhon knew nothing whatever of the true principles of philology, his treatise was of no value. In 1838 he obtained the pension Su ird, a bursary of 1500 francs a year for three years, for the encouragement of young men of promise, which was in the gift of the academy of Besangon. In 1839 he wrote a treatise &quot;On the Utility of Keeping the Sunday,&quot; which contained the germs of his revolutionary ideas. About this time he went to Paris, where he lived a poor, ascetic, and studious life, making acquaintance, however, with the socialistic ideas which were then fomenting in the capital. In 1840 he published his first work Qu est-ce que l i Propriete? His famous answer to this question, &quot; La propriete, c est le vol,&quot; naturally did not please the academy of Besangon, and there was some talk of with drawing his pension ; but he held it for the regular period. For his third memoir on property, which took the shape of a letter to the Fourierist, M. Conside rant, he was tried at Besangon but was acquitted. In 1846 he published his greatest work, the Systems des Contradictions economi- q^l,es ou Philosojihie de la Misere. For some time Proud hon carried on a small printing establishment at Besangon, but without success ; afterwards he became connected as a kind of manager with a commercial firm at Lyons. In 1847 he left this employment, and finally settled in Paris, where he was now becoming celebrated as a leader of innovation. He regretted the sudden outbreak of the revolution of February (1848), because it found the social reformers unprepared. But he threw himself with ardour into the conflict of opinion, and soon gained a national notoriety. He was the moving spirit of the Representant du Peuple and other journals, in which the most advanced theories were advocated in the strongest language ; and as member of assembly for the Seine department he brought forward his celebrated proposal of exacting an impost of one-third on interest and rent, which of course was rejected. His attempt to found a bank which should operate by granting gratuitous credit was also a complete failure ; of the five million francs which he required only seventeen thousand were offered. The violence of his utterances led to an imprisonment at Paris for three years, during which he married a young working woman. As Proudhon aimed at economic rather than political innova tion, he had no special quarrel with the second empire, and he lived in comparative quiet under it till the publica tion of his work,. J9e la Justice dans la Revolution et dans Vfiylise (1858), in which he attacked the church and other existing institutions with unusual fury. This time he fled to Brussels to escape imprisonment. On his return to France his health broke down, though he continued to write. He died at Passy in 1865.