Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 19.djvu/747

Rh P R I P R I 723 for the investigation of man. He took his degree at Edin burgh, afterwards reading for a year at Trinity College, Cambridge, whence, joining the Church of England, he migrated to St John s College, Oxford, afterwards entering as a gentleman commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, but seeking no degree in either university. In 1810 he settled at Bristol as a physician, and in 1813 published his Re searches into the Physical History of Man, in 2 vols., after wards extended to 5 vols. The central principle of the book is the primitive unity of the human species, acted upon by causes which have since divided it into permanent varieties or races. Dr Prichard states that he was led into this inquiry by the diversity of races being alleged as a disproof of the Mosaic records ; in argument, however, he endeavoured not to rely on theology, but to proceed &quot; by the ordinary method of observation and experience.&quot; The work is dedicated to Blumenbach, whose five races of man are adopted. But where Prichard excelled Blumenbach and all his other predecessors was in his grasp of the principle that people should be studied by combining all available characters, and he. accordingly discusses them at large with regard at once to bodily form, language, and state of civilization. One investigation begun in this work requires special mention, the bringing into view of the fact, neglected or contradicted by philologists, that the Celtic nations are allied by language with the Slavonian, German, and Pelasgian (Greek and Latin), thus forming a fourth European branch of the Asiatic stock (which would now be called Indo-European or Aryan). Prichard, whose own Celtic descent is shown by his name, was a fitting pro- mulgator of this leading principle of Celtic research. His special treatise containing Celtic compared with Sanskrit words appeared in 1831 under the title Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations. It is remarkable that the essay by Adolphe Pictet, De VAffinite des Langues Celtiques avec le Sanscrit, which was crowned by the French Academy and made its author s reputation, should have been published in 1837 in evident ignorance of the earlier and in some respects stricter investigations of Prichard. His work has been re-edited since by Dr R. G. Latham (London, 1857), with large additions of Celtic material. Prichard s Analy sis of Egyptian Mythology (London, 1819) had some popu larity at the time, and was translated into German with a preface by A. W. v. Schlegel; its comparison of the Egyptian religion with Brahmanism is now obsolete, and its author was unwise in bringing out a new edition in 1838, after Champollion s Grammar and Dictionary had opened the actual Egyptian inscriptions to scholars. Dr Prichard s last important book was a revision and condensation of his researches into a Natural History of Man (London, 1843), which has gone through several editions, and remains a standard work of the anthropologist s library. Towards the end of his life, in recognition of his services, he was made a commissioner of lunacy, and in consequence re moved from Bristol to London, where he died in 1848. A memoir by his friend Dr Hodgkin will be found in the Journal of the Ethnological Society, of which he was one of the early presidents. PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658), Parliamentary officer, was of humble origin, and is stated to have been brought up by the parish of St Bride s, London. Subsequently he was a drayman and a brewer. At the beginning of the Civil War he served as ensign under the earl of Essex, and gradually obtained promotion to the rank of colonel. He distinguished himself at the battle of Preston, 17th August 1648, and in Cromwell s Scottish campaign he held command of a brigade. He was noted for his resolute character and extreme anti-Royalist sentiments. After the Commons had voted that the king s concessions at Newport were a basis for a settlement, he was chosen by the army chiefs to effect their purpose of &quot; purging &quot; the Commons. Taking his stand at the entrance of the House of Commons with a written list in his hand, he caused the arrest of the Royalist members who were pointed out to him, and placed them in custody. After about a hundred members had been dealt with by this ordinance, subsequently known as &quot;Pride s Purge,&quot; the mutilated House of Commons proceeded to bring the king to trial. Pride was one of the judges of the king and signed his death-warrant. Under Cromwell he received the honour of knighthood, and was also chosen a member of the new House of Lords. He died at Nonsuch on 23d October 1658, and after the Restoration his body was dug up and suspended on the gallows at Tyburn along with that of Cromwell. Noble, Lives of the Regicides ; Bate, Lives of the Prime Actors and Principal Contrivers of the Murder of Charles I. ; Carlyle, Cromwell. PRIDEAUX, HUMPHREY (1648-1724), dean of Nor wich, was the third son of Edward Prideaux of Place in Padstow, Cornwall, by his wife Bridget, daughter of John Moyle of Bake in the same county. Both families were of good repute in the west of England, and that of Prideaux was especially influential, as is shown by the elaborate pedigrees in Sir John Maclean s Deanery of Trigg Minor (ii. 194-242). He was born at Place on 3d May 1648, and received the rudiments of his education at the gram mar-schools of Liskeard and Bodmin. In 1665 he was placed at Westminster under Dr Busby, and after staying there for three years was admitted a student at Christ Church, Oxford, taking his degrees in the following order, B.A. in 1672, M.A. 1675, B.D. 1682, and D.D. 1686. It was the rule of that house that its best scholars should, after they had taken their first degree, be employed in editing some classical writer, and Prideaux was accordingly deputed to superintend a new edition of Lucius Florus and to prepare for the press, from a Greek MS. in the Bodleian, a work by Johannes Malalas. The first of these works is now exceedingly scarce, if indeed a copy be in existence, and the second was, on his advice, left in manuscript. The famous Arundel marbles had just been given to the university, and Prideaux was instructed to undertake the task of describing the gift, his transcript of the inscriptions, with a commentary and additions from the Selden marbles, appearing in 1676. In 1679 he was appointed to the rectory of St Clement s, Oxford, and in the same year became Hebrew lecturer at Christ Church, whereupon he published two Hebrew tracts of Maimonides with a Latin translation and annotations. Prideaux con tinued tutor at Christ Church until February 1686, hold ing for the last three years the rectory of Bladon with Woodstock; but in 1686 he exchanged for the benefice of Saham in Norfolk, and took up his residence in that county, with which he had for some time been connected through his appointment in August 1681 to a prebendal stall in Norwich cathedral. The sympathies of Prideaux inclined to Low Churchism in religion and to Whiggism in politics, and during the years which immediately preceded and succeeded the Revolution of 1688 he took an active part in the controversies of the day, publishing in quick succession the following pamphlets The Validity of the Orders of the Church of England (1688), Letter to a Friend on the Present Convocation (1690), The Case of Clandestine Marriages stated (1691). Prideaux was promoted to the archdeaconry of Suffolk at the close of 1688 and to the deanery of Norwich in June 1702, and it was the wish of some of the members of the episcopal bench that he should have been appointed to the bishopric of Norwich, but their desires were not gratified. In 1694 he was obliged, through ill-health, to resign the rectory of Saham, and after having held the vicarage of Trowse for fourteen years