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528 their lower slopes being occupied with villas. The streets are wide, regular, and well-paved. The principal buildings are the court-house in the Grecian style, the town-hall, and the custom-house. On the adjoining slopes to the east are the picturesque ruins of Newark Castle, the ancient seat of the Maxwells. There are large and commodious harbours, a wet dock, and a graving dock. The port carries on an extensive trade with British North America, the United States, the Indies, and the Levant, the principal exports being iron, steel, machinery, and textile manufactures. The trade, though checked for a time by the rapid progress of Greenock, has been for some years on the increase. The shipbuilding-yards give employment to a large number of persons both in the town and the neighbouring burgh of Greenock. Connected with the shipbuilding industry there are manufactures of sail-cloth, ropes, anchors, and chain cables, also engineering and riveting works, and iron and brass foundries. The population of the police burgh in 1851 was 6986, which in 1871 had increased to 10,823, and in 1881 to 13,224. The population of the parlia mentary burgh in 1881 was 10,802. Originally the district formed part of the adjoining parish of Kihnalcolm, the nucleus of the town being the small village of Newark attached to the barony of that name. In 1688 it was purchased from Sir Patrick Maxwell of Newark by the magistrates of Glasgow, to provide a convenient harbour for vessels belonging to the city. In 1695 it was disjoined from Kihnalcolm and erected into a separate parish under the name of New Port Glasgow, after wards Port Glasgow. In 1710 it was made the chief custom-house port for the Clyde, but is now under the control of the Greenock office ; and in 1775 it was created a burgh of barony. Under the Municipal Act of 1883 the town is governed by a provost, two bailies, and six councillors. Since the tirst Reform Act it has been included in the Kilmarnock parliamentary district of burghs.

PORT HOPE, a town and port of entry of Canada, in Durham county, Ontario, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, lies 63 miles north-east of Toronto by the Grand Trunk Railway (which is there met by the midland branch of the Grand Trunk Railway), and is connected with Charlotte, the port of Rochester, New York, by a daily steamboat service. The town is picturesquely situated on the side and at the foot of hills overlooking the lake ; and Smith s Creek, by which it is traversed, supplies abundant water-power. Flour, plaster, woollen goods, leather, beer, carriages, agricultural implements, and steam-engines and boilers are among the objects of the local industries, and trade is carried on in lumber, grain, and flour. The value of the exports was $1,326,706 in the year ending 30th June 1884, and that of the imports $221,830. The popu lation in 1881 was 5585.

PORT HURON, a city and port of entry of the United States, county seat of St Clair county, Michigan, lies 58 miles by rail north-east of Detroit, at the southern extremity of Lake Huron and on the west bank of the St Clair river, which is there joined by the Black river. Port Huron is a point of great importance in the railway system, being the terminus of the Chicago and Grand Trunk and the Port Huron and North-Western Railways (lines to East Saginaw, Sand Beach, Almont, and Port Austin), and connected by ferry to Sarnia with the Great Western of Canada and the Grand Trunk Railways. It is also the terminus and a stopping- place of several lines of lake steamers. It has a large lumber trade, ship -yards, dry docks, saw-mills, flour-mills, planing-mills. The population was 5973 in 1870, 8883 in 1880, and 10,396 in 1884. Commenced in 1819, Port Huron was incorporated as a village in 1835, and as a city in 1857.

PORTICI, a town of Italy, 5 miles south of Naples, on the shores of the bay and at the foot of Vesuvius, a little to the north of the site of Herculaneum. It is traversed by the high road and the railway from Naples (only 5 miles distant) to Salerno. The palace, erected in 1737, once contained the Herculanean antiquities, now removed to Naples, and since 1882 it has been a school of agriculture. There is a small harbour. The population (9963 in the town in 1881, and 12,709 in the commune, which includes Addolorata) is partly engaged in the fisheries, silk-growing, and silk-weaving.

PORT JERVIS, a large village of the United States, in Deerpark township, Orange county, New York, situated at the intersection of the boundaries of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Neversink with the Delaware. It is the terminus of the eastern divi sion of the New York, Lake Erie, and Western Railroad, and of the Port Jervis and Monticello Railroad, and it has extensive repair-shops. The beauty of the surrounding scenery attracts summer visitors. Port Jervis was named after John B. Jervis, engineer of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which connects the Pennsylvanian coal-fields with the tidal waters of the Hudson. In 1875 the Erie Railway bridge, the Barrett bridge, and many buildings were carried away by an icegorge. The population of the village was 6377 in 1870, and 8678 in 1880 (township 11,420).

PORTLAND, a city and port of entry of the United States, capital of Cumberland county, Maine, lies on Casco Bay, in 43 39 N. lat. and 70 13 W. long. By rail it is 108 miles north-north-east of Boston and 297 south east of Montreal. The peninsula on which it is mainly built runs out for about 3 miles, has a breadth of about f mile, and rises in the west to 175 feet in BramhalPs Hill and in the east to 161 in Mun- joy s Hill, which is crowned by an observatory. As seen from the harbour, the whole city has a pleasant and pic turesque appearance, and the streets are in many parts so umbrageous with trees that FIG. 1. Environs of Portland. Portland has obtained the sobriquet of the &quot; Forest City.&quot; A large number of the houses are built of brick. Congress street, the principal thoroughfare, runs along the whole ridge of the peninsula, from the western promenade, which looks down over the suburbs from Bramhall s Hill to the eastern promenade, which commands the bay ; it passes Lincoln Park (2| acres) and the eastern cemetery, which contains the graves of Commodore Preble and Captains Burroughs and Blythe, of Revolutionary fame. On Bram hall s Hill is the reservoir (12,000,000 gallons) of the water company, which was established in 1867 to supply the city from Lake Sebago, whose beautiful expanse (14 miles long by 1 1 wide) was the favourite haunt of Nathaniel Hawthorne s boyhood. The more conspicuous buildings of Portland are the city hall (1859), with a front in olive- coloured freestone, 150 feet long; the post-office (1872), constructed of Vermont white marble in the mediaeval Italian style; the custom-house (1872), in granite, with rich marble ornamentation in the interior ; the marine hospital (1855), a large brick erection ; the Maine general hospital, 1868 ; the Roman Catholic cathedral ; the Roman Catholic episcopal palace ; and several fine churches. The Portland Society of Natural History, established in 1843 and incorporated in 1850, though it has twice lost its property by fire (1854 and 1866), has again acquired very valuable collections. The Portland institute and public library, dating from 1867, had 30,000 volumes in 1884. A medical school was founded in 1858. Portland is in the main a commercial city, with an extensive transit trade, drawing largely from Canada and the Far West. Connected with Boston by rail in 1842, and with Montreal