Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 19.djvu/529

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iy i else- VIII. (1829-30), and GREGORY XVI. (1831-46). The adversities arising out of the Revolution had proved a salutary discipline. Nepotism ceased to disgrace the papal court. Ecclesiasticisrn itself assumed another tone : its morality was pure; its zeal in the performance of its duties conspicuous. In France there arose a new school, known as the Parti Pretre, the school of Chateaubriand, Lamennais, and Montalernbert, which rejected the ancient Gallican claims and principles, and everywhere inculcated loyalty and submission to Home as the first duty of the Catholic. In Germany neither the enlightened and strenuous efforts of Wessenberg nor the statesmanlike policy of Metternich could produce concerted action among the several states, which were accordingly eventually re duced to the necessity of each making separate terms with the curia on an independent basis. The result, in nearly all cases, was that, in reconstructing its ecclesiastical or ganization, and endeavouring at the same time to estab lish a certain modus vivendi in its diplomatic relations with Rome, each state was compelled to make concessions which largely favoured the re-establishment of ultramontane in stitutions. The signal failure of Wessenberg, in his ad ministration of the see of Constance, to reintroduce the principles advocated by &quot;Febronius,&quot; may be cited as one of the most notable instances of the defeat of liberal principles. In the Netherlands and in Silesia similar reactionary movements took place. In England, the Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), although conceived in a spirit of conciliation, proved, in the embittered rela tions then existing with Ireland, of little avail, and in reality only imparted fresh strength to the machina tions of the ultramontane party. The main facts in the history of the popedom from this period will be found under the head of Pius IX. (1846-77), pp. 156-8, supra. The following list taken from Gams (Series Epi&coporum Romanae, Ecdesix) gives the succession of the pontiffs as ac cepted by the Roman Church and recorded in its registers. List of the Pontiffs of the Roman Church. Date of Election or Consecration. Date of Death. Date of Election or Consecration. Date of Death. c.41 I Ii. PKTKCS 2!&amp;gt; vi, c. 65-67 657 30 vii, cs. S. Vitalianus t sepel. 27 i, 672 c.67 S. Linns 23 ix, c. 79 672 11 iv, cs. Adeodatus t fepel. 16 vi, 676 c.79 S. Cletus (Anencietui) 26 iv, c. 91 676 2 xi, cs. Donns t sep. 11 iv, 678 c.91 S. Clemens I. f 23 xi, c. 100 678 vi-vii, cs. S. Agatho t sep. 10 i, 681 c.100 S. Evaristus f 26 x, c. 109 682 17 viii, cs. S. Leo II. t sep. 3 vii, 683 c.109 S. Alexander f 3 v, c. 119 684 26 vi, cs. S. Benedictus II. t sep. 8 v, 685 c.119 S. Sixtus (Xystux) 6 iv, c. 126 685 23 vii, cs. Joannes V. t 2 viii, 686 ? 128 S. Telesphorus 1 5 i, 137 686 21 x, cs. Conon t fepel. 22 ix, 687 c.138 S. Hyginus t Hi, 142 687 x-xii, el. S. Sergius I. t sepel. 8 ix, 701 c.142 S. Pius t 11 vii, c. 156 . 701 30 x, cs. Joannes VI. f sepel. 10-11 i, 705 c!57 S. Anicetus t 17 iv, 167 705 1 iii. cs. Joannes VII. t sep. 18 x, 707 168 S. Soter f 22 iv, c. 176 708 18 i (?) Sisinnius t sep. 7 ii, 708 177 S. Eleutherus t 26 v, 189 708 25 iii, cs. Constantinus I. t 9 iv, 715 c.190 S. Victor I. f 20 iv. c. 202 715 19 v, cs. S. Gregorius II. t sepet. 11 ii, 731 e.202 S. Zcpliyrinus t 26 viii, 217 731 11 ii, el. S. Gregorius III. t sep. 29 xi, 741 218 S. Calixtus I. f 14 x, 222 741 3 xii, cs. S. Zacharias t sep. 15 iii, 752 222 S. Urbanus I. f 25 v, 230 752 iii, el. Stephanus II. t ex. iii, 752 230 S. Pontianus res. 28 ix, 235 752 ex. iii, el. Stephanus III. t sep. 26 iv, 757 235 (21 xi, ord.) S. Antcrus t 3 i, 236 757 29 v, cs. S. Paulns I. t 28 vi, 767 236 S. Fabianus t 20 i, 250 767 5 vii, cs. Constantinus II. depos. 6 viii, 768 251 (iii, el.) S. Cornelius f 14 ix, 253 768 7 viii, cs. Stephanus IV. t 1 ii, 772 253 el. S. Lucius f 5 iii. 254 772 1 ii, el. Hudrianus I. f 25 xii 795 254 (12 v?, el.) S. Stephanns I. i 2 viii, 257 795 26 xii, el. S. Leo III. t sep. 12 vi, 816 257 viii S. Sixtus (Xystus) II. t 6 viii, 258 816 vi, el. Stephanus V. f 24 i, 817 259 22 vii, el. S. Dionysius f 26 xii, 268 817 25 i, cs. S. Pasciialis I. t c. 14 v, 824 269 5 i, el. S. Felix + 30 xii, 274 824 v-vi Eugenius II. f viii, 827 275 c. 5 i S. Eutychianus f 8 xii, 283 827 Valentinus t tr. (inn. 827 283 17 xii S. Gains f 22 iv, 296 827 ex. ami. Gregorius IV. f i, 844 296 30 vi S. Marcellintis f (?25x), 304 844 i Sergius II. t 27 i, 847 307 el. S. Marcellus 15 i, 309 847 10 iv, cs. S. Leo IV. 17 vii, 855 309 iv, cl. S. Eusebius f 17 viii, 309 855 29 ix, cs. Benedictus III. f 7 iv, 858 310 2 vii S. Melcliiades (Miltiades) f 11 i, 314 858 24 iv. cs. S. Nicolaus I. t 13 xi, 867 314 31 i S. Sylvester f 31 xii, 335 867 14 xii, cs. Hadrianus II. t c. 1 xii, 872 336 18 i S. Marcus f 7 x, 336 872 14 xii Joannes VIII. t 15 xii, 882 337 G ii, el. S. Julius f 12iv, 352 882 c. xii Marinus I. t c. v, 884 352 22 v S. Liberius f 24 ix, 366 884 c. v, el. Hadrianus III. t c. viii-ix, 885 366 ix S. Damasus } 10 xii, 384 885 c. ix, el. Stephanus VI. t &amp;lt;&quot; ix, 891 334 xii 8. Siricius f 26 xi, 398 891 c. ix Formosus t 23 v, 896 393 xi-xii S. Anastasius I. f vert, anno 401-2 896 f. 23 v, el. Bonifacins VI. t c. 6 vi, 896 402 S. Innocentius I. f 12 iii, 417 896 a. 11 vi, hums. Stephanus VI. (VII.) amot. t vii, 897 417 18 iii. cs. S. Zosimus f 26 xii, 418 897 vii, cs. Komanus t c. xi, 897 418 28 xii S. Bonifacius I. f 4 ix, 422 897 c. xi. Theodorus II. f post 20 dies 422 c. 10 ix S. Co3lestinus I. f &amp;lt;. 26 vii, 432 898 c. vi, cs. Joannes IX. t vii, 900 432 31 vii S. Sixtus III. t 18 viii, 440 900 6-26 vii Benedietus IV. t viii, 903 440 viii, el. S. Leo I. t 10 xi, 461 903 o. viii I.eo V.&quot; t c. ix, 903 461 12 xi, cs. S. Ililanis t 21 ii, 468 903 c. x Christophorus amot. i, 904 468 25 ii, cs. , S. Simplicius t 2 iii, 483 904 29 i, cs. Sergius III. t P. 4 ix, 911 483 S. Felix III. t c. 25 ii, 492 911 c. ix, cs. Anastasius t f. xi, 913 492 1 iii. cs. S. Gelasius t 19 xi, 496 913 r. xi, cs. Lando t c. v, 914 496 o. 24 xi, cs. S. Anastasius IF. f et sep. 19 xi, 498 914 15 v, cs. Joannes X. t in careers 929 498 22 xi S. Symmachns t et sepult. 19 vii, 514 : 928 c. vii, cs. Leo VI. t c. ii, 929 514 20 vii, cs. S. Hormisdas f sepult. 7 viii, 523 929 &amp;lt;:. ii, cs. Stephanus VIII. 15 iii, 931 523 13 viii S. Joannes I. f 18 v, 526 931 c. iii, cs. Joannes XI. t i, 936 526 12 vii, cs. S. Felix IV. f sepel. 12 x (?) 530 936 a. 9 i, cs. Leo VI. (VII.) t vii, 939 530 17 ix, el. Bonifacius II. t sepel. 17 x, 532 939 a. 19 vii, cons. Stephanus IX. t &amp;lt; x, 942 532 31 xii, cs. Joannes 11. { sepel. 27 v, 535 942 a. 11 xi, cons. Marinus II. t f. iv, 946 535 3 vi, cs. S. Agapetus I. f 22 iv 536 946 c. iv Agapetus II. t c. 8 xi. 955 536 8 vi, cs. S. Silverius, exul t sepef. 20 vi c. 538 955 c. xi, cs. Joannes XII. (amot. 4 xii, 963) t 14 v, 964 537 29 iii, cs. Vigilius t 7 vi 555 963 4 xii, el. Leo VIII. t c. iii. 965 555 p. 7 vi, cs. Pelagius I. t 3 iii 560 964 v, el. Benedict V. exul 965 560 14 vii, cs. Joannes III. t sepel. 13 vi, 573 965 1 x, cs. Joannes XIII. T 6 ix, 972 574 3 vi, cs. Benedictus I f 31 vi, 578 973 19 i, cs. Benedict VI. t occis. vii, 974 578 27 xi, cs. Pelagius II. f sepel. (iii, 590 974 x Benedictus VII. t x, 983 590 3 ix, cs. S. Gregorius I. f sepel. 12 iii, 604 983 ex. aim. Joannes XIV. t occis. 20 viii, 984 604 13 ix, cs. Sabinianus f 22 ii, 606 984 Bonifacius VII. t vii, 985 607 19 ii, cs. Bonifacius III. t sepel. 12 xi, 607 985 I ix, cs. Joannes XV. t in. iv, 996 608 15 ix, cs. S. Bonifacius IV. f fepel. 25 v, 615 996 3 v. cs. i Gregorius V. ii. 999 615 19 x, cs. S. Deusdedit t semi. 8 xi, 618 999 in. iv, cs. : Sylvester II. (Gerbert) 12 v, 1003 619 23 xii, cs. Bonifacius V f sepel. 25 x 625 1003 13 vi, cs. i Joannes XVII. (Sicco) 7 xii, 1003 625 3 xi, cs. Honorius t seoel. 12 x 638 1003 25 xii, cs. Joannes XVIII. vi, 1009 640 28 v, cs. Severinus t sepel. 2 v ii, 640 1009 p. 20 vi, cs. Sergius IV. t 16-22 vi, 1012 640 25 xii, cs. Joannes IV. t senr.1. 12 x 642 1012 22 vi, cs. Benedict VIII. t 7 iv, 1024 642 24 xi, cs. Theodorus I. t sepel. 14 v 649 102424 vi-15vii,cs. Joannes XIX. t i, 1033 649 vi-vii, cs. S. Martinus t exul 1 (i ix 655 1033 i, cs. 1 Benedictus IX. resignat. 1 v, 1045 654 10 viii, cs. S. Engenius I. t fepel. 3 vi, 657 1045 1 v. intr. Gregorius VI. resignat. 20 xii. 1046