Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/888

 852 P H R Y G I A unknown, yet we may safely reckon among them the com plete devastation of northern Phrygia. At last Attains I. settled the Gauls permanently in eastern Phrygia, and a large part of the country was henceforth known as Galatia. Strabo mentions that the great cities of ancient Phrygia were in his time either deserted or marked by mere villages. The great city over the tomb of Midas has remained un inhabited down to the present day. About 5 miles west of it, near the modern Kumbet, stood Merus, a bishopric in the Byzantine time, but never mentioned under the Roman empire. Alexander the Great placed Phrygia under the command of Antigonus, who retained it when the empire Avas broken up. When Antigonus was defeated and slain at the decisive battle of Ipsus, Phrygia came under the sway of Seleucus. As the Pergamenian kings grew powerful, and at last confined the Gauls in eastern Phrygia, the western half of the country was incorporated in the kingdom of Pergamum. Under the Roman empire Phrygia had no political existence under a separate government, 1 but formed part of the vast province of Asia. In autumn 85 B.C. the pacification of the province was completed by Sulla, and throughout the imperial time it was common for the Phrygians to date from this era. The imperial rule was highly favourable to the spread of Hellenistic civilization, &quot;which under the Greek kings had affected only a few of the great cities, leaving the mass of the country purely Phrygian. A good deal of local self-government was permitted : the cities struck their own bronze coins, in scribed on them the names of their own magistrates, 2 and probably administered their own laws in matters purely local. The western part of the country was pervaded by Graeco-Roman civilization very much sooner than the central, and in the country districts the Phrygian language 3 continued in common use at least as late as the 3d century after Christ. When the Roman empire was reorganized by Diocletian at the end of the 3d century Phrygia was divided into two provinces, distinguished at first as Prima and Secunda, or Great and Little, for which the names Pacatiana and Salutaris * soon came into general use. Pacatiana com prised the western half, which had long been completely pervaded by Grasco-Roman manners, and Salutaris the eastern, in which the native manners and language were still not extinct. Each province was governed by a &quot; praeses &quot; or rjytfjLbiv about 412 A.D., but shortly after this date an officer of consular rank was sent to each province (Hierocles, Synecd.}. About 535 Justinian made some changes in the provincial administration : the governor of Pacatiana was henceforth a &quot;comes,&quot; while Salutaris was still ruled by a &quot; consularis.&quot; When the provinces of the Eastern empire were reorganized and divided into &quot;themata&quot; the two Phrygias were broken up between the Anatolic, Opsician, and Thracesian themes, and the name Phrygia finally dis appeared. Almost the whole of the Byzantine Phrygias is now included in the vilayet of Broussa or Khodavendikya, with the exception of a small part of Parorius and the district about Themisonium (Karayuk Bazar) and Ceretapa (Kayadibi), which belong to the vilayet of Koniyeh, and the district of Laodicea and Hierapolis, which belongs 1 An imperial officer named Procurator Phrygias is mentioned in a few inscriptions of the 2d century ; but he belongs to a financial, not an administrative division. 3 This liberty was not granted to the cities of any other province in Anatolia. 3 A number of inscriptions in a language presumably Phrygian have been discovered in the centre and east of the country ; they belong generally to the end of the 2d and to the 3d century. 4 The name Salutaris is first found in Polemius Silvius about 385 ; in the Nodt. Dirjnit., about 412 A.D., the names Pacatiana and Salu taris are used. to Aid in. The principal modern cities are Kutayah (Cotyoeuni), Eski Sheher (Dorylseum), Afium Kara Hissar (near Prymnessus), and Ushak (near Trajanopolis). It is impossible to say anything definite about the boundaries of Phrygia before the 5th century. Under the Persians Great Phrygia extended on the east to the Halys and the Salt Desert; Xenophon (Anab., i. 2, 19) includes Iconium on the south-east within the province, whereas Strabo makes Tyriaeum the boundary in this direction. The southern frontier is unknown : the language of Livy (xxxviii. 15) implies that Metropolis (in the Tchul Ova) belonged to Pisidia ; but Strabo (p. 629) includes it in Phrygia. CelsenaB, beside the later city of Apamea (Dineir), and the entire valley of the Lycus were Phrygian. The Maeander above its junction with the Lycus formed for a little way the boundary between Phrygia and Lydia. The great plateau now called the Banaz Ova was entirely or in great part Phrygian. Mount Dindymus (Murad Dagh) marked the frontier of Mysia, and the entire valley of the Tern- brogius or Tembris (Porsuk Su) was certainly included in Phrygia. The boundaries of the two Byzantine Phrygias were not always the same. Taking Hierocles as authority, the extent of the two provinces at the beginning of the 6th century will be readily gathered from the accompany ing list, in which those towns which coined money under the Roman empire are italicized and the nearest modern village is appended. I. PACATIANA. 1. Laodicea (Eski Hissar); 2. Hierapolis (Pambuk Kalessi) ; 3. Mosyna (Geveze) ; [4. Metellopolis, only in Notitiae Episcop. (Geuzlar)]; 5. Attudda (Assar, south-west from Serai Keui); 6. Trapezopolis (perhaps between Davas Ova and Karayuk Ova) ; 7. Colossce (near Chouas) ; 8. Ceretapa DiocKsarea (Kayadibi) ; 9. Themisonium (Karayuk Bazar) ; 10. Tacina (Yarishli) ; 11. Sanaus (Sari Kavak, in Daz Kiri) ; 12. Dionysopolis (Orta Keui) ; 13. Ana- stasiopolis, originally a village of the Hyrgalis (Utch Kuyular) ; 14. Attanassus (Eski Aidan) ; 15. Lunda (Eski Seid) ; 16. Pcliae (Karayashlar) ; 17. Eumenca (Ishekly) ; 18. Siblia (Homa) ; 19. Pepuza ( Yannik Euren) ; 20. Bria (Garbasan or Suretly) ; 21. Sebaste (Sivasly) ; 22. Eluza or Aludda (Hadjimlar) ; 23. Acmonia (Ahat Keui); 24. Alia (Kirka) ; 25. Hicrocharax (Otourak) ; 26. Dioclea (Dola) ; 27. Aristium (Karaj Euren, in Sitchanly Ova) ; 28. Cidycssus (dutch Eyuk) ; 29. Apia (Abia) ; 30. Cotywum (Kutayah) ; 31. sEzani (Tchavdir Hissar) ; 32. Tiberiopolis (Altyntash) ; 33. Cadse (Gediz) ; 34. Ancyra (Kilisse Keui) ; 35. Synaus (Simav) ; 36. Flaviopolis Tcmcnothyrse (Kara Tash) ; 37. Trajanopolis Grimeno- thyne (Giaour Euren, near Orta Keui) ; 38. Elaundus (Suleimarily). 5 II. SALUTAIUS. 1. Eucarpia (near Mentesh); 2. ffieropolis(lK.oich Hissar) ; 3. Otrous (Tchor Hissar) ; 4. Stcctorium (Emir Assar) ; 5. Bmt,zus( Kara Sandy kly) 6 ; 6. Bcudus(Aghzi Kara) ; 7. Aiigustopolis, formerly Anabura (Surmeneh) ; 8. Sibidunda (perhaps Yeni Keui); 9. Lysias (perhaps Bazar Agatch) ; 10. Synnada (Tchifut Cassaba) ; 11. Prymnessus (Seulun) ; 12. Ipsus, formerly Julia (near Sakly) ; 13. Polybotus (Bolawadun) ; 14. Docimiur/i (Istcha Kara Hissar) ; 15. Metropolis, including Conni (B. Tchorgia) and Ambasus (Ambanaz) ; 16. Merus (Kumbet) ; 17. Nacolca (Seidi Ghazi) ; 18. Doryliuum (Eski Sheher) ; 19. Midteum (Kara Eyuk) ; 20. Lycaones (Kalejik) ; 21. Aulocra (in Dombai Ova) ; 22 and 23. Amadassus and Prse- penissus (unknown). In later times the important fortress (and bishopric) of Acroenus was founded on the site of the present Afium Kara Hissar. Besides these, certain cities beyond the bounds of the Byzantine Phrygias belonged under the Roman empire to the province of Asia and are usually considered Phrygian (1) in Byzantine Pisidia, Philomelium (Ak Sheher), Jfadrianopolis (Ark^t Khan) ; (2) in Byzantine Galatia, Amorium (Assar near Hamza Hadji), Orcistus (Alikel or Alekian), Tricomia or Trocmada or Trocnada (Kaimaz) ; (3) in Byzantine Lycia, Cibyra (Horzum). Phrygia contains several well-marked geographical districts. (1) PAROIUUS, the narrow, flat, elevated valley stretching north-west to south-east between the Sultan Dagh and the Emir Dagh from Holmi (about Tchai) to Tyrireum (Ilghin) ; its waters collect within the valley, in three lakes, which probably supply the great foun tains in the Axylum, and through them the Sangarius. (2) AXYLUM, the vast treeless plains on the upper Sangarius ; there burst forth at various points great perennial springs, the Sakaria fountains 5 Ococlia, which is known only from coins, probably belongs to this province. Hierocles adds Theodosia, probably a name of Daldii (Demirji), which is usually included in Lydia. Mionnet gives coins of Mosyna, but they are falsely read and belong to the Mosteni. 6 Nos. 1-5 were called the Phrygian &quot; Pentapolis. &quot;