Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/734

 &quot;02 P E T P E T yards, saw-mills, an iron-foundry, cooperages, agricultural implement works, woollen manufactories, breweries, and a distillery. In the neighbourhood there are extensive granite and polishing works. The limits of the police burgh and the parliamentary burgh are identical, with a population in 1871 of 8535 and in 1881 of 10,922. The town and lands of Peterhead belonged anciently to the abbey of Deer, built by William Gumming, earl of Buchan, in the 13th century. When the abbey was erected into a temporal lordship in the family of Keith, the superiority of the town fell to the earl marischal, with whom it continued till the forfeiture of the earldom in 1715. The town and lands were purchased in 1720 by a fishing company in England, and on their failure by the Merchant Maiden Hospital of Edinburgh for 3000, who are still the superiors of the town. Peterhead was made a burgh of barony in 1593 by George Keith, fourth earl marischal of Scotland. It was the scene of the landing of the Pretender, 25th December 1715. Peterhead is in cluded in the Elgin district of burghs. PETERHOF, a town of European Russia, in the govern ment of St Petersburg, and 18 miles west of the capital, on the south coast of the Gulf of Finland, has grown up round the palace built by Peter the Great in 1711, was constituted a district town in 1848, and has increased its population from 7647 in 1866 to 14,298 in 1881. It is almost exclusively a residential town, but is garrisoned by a cavalry regiment and has the military schools lodged in its barracks for six weeks in the summer. The palace, which is still occupied by the imperial family during part of the summer, has undergone alterations and additions, but retains a distinct Petrine stamp. It is built on a height 60 feet above the sea. The gardens, which owe their magnificence to Alexander I. and Nicholas I., are laid out in the Versailles style, with elaborate water-works. From the &quot;Marly&quot; summer-house Peter I. loved to watch his fleet beneath the Cronstadt batteries, and in that of &quot; Mon- plaisir &quot; he died. It was at Peterhof that the empress Alexandra used to celebrate her birthday by fetes at which more than 100,000 persons were present. Peterhof is connected with Oranienbaum on the west and with Strelma on the east by an uninterrupted series of gardens and villas. PETERS, or PETER, HUGH (1598-1660), a man whose name has for three centuries been rarely mentioned except in terms of infamy, was the son of Thomas Dyckwoode alias Peters, by Martha, daughter of John Freffry of Fowey, Corn wall, and was baptized in Fowey parish church 29th June 1598. His parents were in good circumstances, and they sent him to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1616 and M.A. in 1622. About the latter date he was licensed by Dr George Montaigne, bishop of London, to the lectureship at St Sepulchre s, London, but his first definite post in the church was at Rotterdam (1623-32), as colleague of William Ames, whom he much admired, and who died &quot;in his bosom.&quot; In October 1635 he emigrated to Boston in New England, and in the following year became the minister of the first church at Salem in Massachusetts. His abilities soon gave him a prominent place in all the civil and ecclesiastical affairs of the colony, and in 1641 his reputation was so great that he was sent to England as the best guardian of the colony s interests at home. His shrewd judgment, his ready wit, and his zeal for the cause of the Parliament endeared him to the army and its leaders ; he accompanied Fairfax and Cromwell on their campaigns, and described their achievements in numerous letters to the House of Commons. To the adherents of the vanquished cause Hugh Peters always lent his good offices. He was desirous that Laud should be banished, and not executed. It was through his influence that Juxon was permitted to attend Charles after his condemnation, and his acts of kindness to some of the Royalist clergy are mentioned in Walker s Sufferings of the Clergy, Through the favour of the Pro tector he filled several important offices. He was one of the twenty-one persons appointed to consider the abuses of the national laws ; he was a judge for granting probates of wills, and a trier for licensing candidates to the ministry. At the Restoration he was seized and imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he composed his affecting tract, &quot;A Dying Father s Last Legacy to an Only Child.&quot; His trial as a regicide took place on 13th October 1660, and he was, of course, condemned to death. Four days later he was drawn on a sledge to Charing Cross and there hanged and quartered, his head being set on a pole on London Bridge. Hugh Peters suffered his cruel death without any sign of Avavering. For many years after his death the grossest charges against his memory were cir culated in catchpenny pamphlets by his enemies, and his name was held up to general execration ; but it is clear that these accusations are but the creation of party malice. He was twice married ; his first wife was Elizabeth, said to have been the daughter of Thomas Cooke of Pebmarsh, Essex, and the widow of Edmund Read, who died at Wick- ford in the same county November 1623. She died about 1640, and he subsequently married Deliverance Sheffield, the mother of his only child, Elizabeth Peters. The writings of Hugh Peters and the publications, in print and manuscript, relating to his life are described in thu Billiotheca Cornubiensis. He pleaded, in opposition to Prynne and others, for the admission of the Jews into England. The chief blot on his fame is his advocacy of the burning of the records. PETERSBURG, a city and port of entry of the United States, in Dinwitldie county, Virginia, lies 23 miles south of Richmond on the south side of the Appomattox river, which is navigable for large vessels from the James river up to the falls opposite the city, and for flat boats 107 miles above the falls to Farmville. Petersburg is an important railway junction, manufactures tobacco, cotton goods, and iron wares, and carries on a very extensive shipping trade in the export of tobacco, cotton, flour, and peanuts (groundnuts). Its public buildings comprise a court-house, a custom-house, and post-office, two markets, and a theatre ; there are two public libraries and a public park (Poplar Lawn). The population was 14,010 in 1850, 18,266 in 1860, 18,950 (10,185 coloured) in 1870, and 21,656 in 1880. Petersburg was laid out at the same time with Richmond (1733) by Colonel William Byrcl, on the site of an Indian village destroyed in 1676. It was first incorporated in 1748. During the Revolu tionary War it was twice the headquarters of the British under General William Phillips, who died while in possession of the town in 1781. The bravery of the Petersburg volunteers on the Canadian frontier in 1812 procured it the title of Cockade City of the south. The terrible siege of Petersburg, lasting from June 1864 to 3d April 1865, was the final scene of the Civil War. PETERWARDEIN (Hungarian PetervdmJ, Servian Petrovaradin a town and strong fortress of Hungary, is situated on a promontory formed by a loop of the Danube, .45 miles to the north-west of Belgrade. It is connected with Neusatz on the opposite bank by a bridge of boats 800 feet long. The fortifications consist of the upper fortress, on a lofty serpentine rock rising abruptly from the plain on three sides, and of the lower fortress at the northern base of the rock. The latter includes the town, which contains (1880) 3603 inhabitants, engaged in wine growing, agriculture, and the manufacture of liqueurs (rosoglio) and vinegar. The two fortresses can accom modate a garrison of 10,000 men. The arsenal contains interesting trophies of the Turkish wars. Peterwardein, the &quot;Gibraltar of Hungary,&quot; is believed to repre sent the Roman Acumincum, and received its present name from Peter the Hermit, who here marshalled the levies of the. first crusade. It was captured by the Turks in 1526 and retained by them for 160 years. In 1716 it witnessed a signal defeat inflicted