Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/520

 498 P E N P E N against Penn. Perm, however, refused to pay, and spent nine months in the Fleet rather than give way. He was released at length by his friends, who paid 7500 in composition of all claims. Difficulties with his govern ment of Pennsylvania continued to harass him. Fresh disputes took place with Lord Baltimore, the owner of Maryland, and Penn also felt deeply what seemed to him the ungrateful treatment which he met with at the hands of the assembly. He therefore in 1710 wrote, in earnest and affectionate language, an address to his &quot;old friends,&quot; setting forth his wrongs. So great was the effect which this produced that the assembly which met in October of that year was entirely in his interests ; revenues were properly paid ; the disaffected were silenced and com plaints were hushed ; while an advance in moral sense was shown by the fact that a Bill was passed prohibiting the importation of negroes. This, however, Avhen submitted to the British parliament, was cancelled. Penn now, in February 1712, being in failing health, proposed to sur render his powers to the crown. He appears, from Dixon s work (p. 413), to have offered previously, just before he was arrested by the Fords, to give up his government for 20,000, but with stipulations which rendered the crown unwilling to take it. On the present occasion the com mission of plantations recommended that Penn should receive 12,000 in four years from the time of surrender, Penn stipulating only that the queen should take the Quakers under her protection ; and 1000 was given him in part payment. Before, however, the matter could go further he was seized with apoplectic fits, which shat tered his understanding and memory. A second attack occurred in 1713, and from that time until his death his powers gradually failed, although at times his intellect was clear and vigorous. He died on 30th May 1718, leaving three sons by his second wife, John, Thomas, and Richard, and was buried along with his first and second wives at Jourdan s meeting-house, near Chalfont St Giles in Bucking hamshire. It has finally to be mentioned that in 1790 the proprietary rights of Penn s descendants were bought up for a pension of 4000 a year to the eldest male descend ant by his second wife, and that this pension was commuted in 1884 for the sum of G7,000. (o. A.) PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798), naturalist and anti quary, was descended from an old Welsh family, who for many generations had resided at Downing, Flintshire, where he was born 14th June 1726. He received his early education at Wrexham and Fulham, and afterwards attended Queen s and Oriel Colleges, Oxford, but did not take a degree. At twelve years of age he was inspired with a passion for natural history through obtaining a present of Willughby s Ornithology ; and a tour in Corn wall in 1746-47 after leaving Oxford awakened his strong interest in minerals and fossils. In 1750 his account of an earthquake which he felt at Downing was inserted in the Philosophical Transactions, where there also appeared in 1756 a paper on several coralloid bodies he had col lected at Coalbrook Dale, Shropshire. In the following year, at the instance of Linnaeus, he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Upsala. In 1766 he published a folio volume entitled British Zoology. The work is meritorious rather as a laborious compilation than as an original contribution to science, but that it served a good purpose is evidenced by the number of editions (see ORNI THOLOGY, p. 9 above) through which it passed. During its progress he visited the Continent and made the acquaint ance of Buffon, Voltaire, Haller, and Pallas. In 1771 was published his Synopsis of Quadrupeds, afterwards extended into a History of Quadrupeds. At the end of the same year he published A Toiir in Scotland in 1709, which proving remarkably popular was followed in 1774 by an account of another journey in Scotland published in two volumes, afterwards distinguished as the second and third Tour. In these works he manifested the rare faculty of investing with interest details of antiquarian lore, while they have also proved invaluable as preserving the record of important antiquarian relics which have now perished. In 1778 he brought out a similar Tour in Wales, which was followed by a Journey to Snoivdon (part i. 1781, part ii. 1783), afterwards forming the second volume of the Tour. In 1782 he published a Journey from Chester to London. He brought out Arctic Zoology in 1785-87. In 1790 appeared his Account of London, which has gone through a large number of editions, and has justly been termed &quot;the most popular book ever written on the subject.&quot; Three years later he published the Literary Life of the late T. Pennant, written by himself. In his later years he was engaged on a work entitled Outlines of the Globe, vols. i. and ii. of which appeared in 1798, and vols. iii. and iv., edited by his son David Pennant, in 1800. He was also the author of a number of minor works, some of which were published posthumously. He died at Downing 16th December 1798. Pennant was in 1767 elected a member of the Royal Society, and he was a member of many other learned societies, both home and foreign. In 1771 he received the degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. PENNI, GIANFRANCESCO (1488-1528), Italian painter, surnamed &quot; II Fattore,&quot; from the relation in which he stood to Raphael, whose favourite disciple he was after Giulio Romano, was a native of Florence, but spent the latter years of his life in Naples. He painted in oil as well as in fresco, but is chiefly known for his work in the Loggie of the Vatican. PENNSYLVANIA, one of the original thirteen States Plate of the North American Union, lying between 39 43 and 42 15 N. lat., and between 74 40 and 80 36 W. long., is 160 miles wide, and more than 300 miles long from east to west. Its northern, southern, and Avestern border-lines were meant to be straight ; the eastern follows the course of the Delaware river. It is bounded by the States of New York and New Jersey on the N. and E., by Ohio on the W., and by Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia on the S. At its north-west corner a small triangular addition gives it a shore- line of 40 miles, with one good harbour, on Lake Erie. At its south-eastern corner, a circle of 10 miles radius (struck from the court-house at New castle) throws a small area into the State of Delaware. Its surface, subdivided into sixty -seven counties, measures nearly 28,800,000 acres or 45,000 square miles; less than one -half of its acreage is in cultivated farms, and only 1,000,000 of the people live in separate farm-houses. Out of a population of 4,283,000, nearly 2,000,000 lived in towns and cities in 1880, and more than 2,000,000 in country hamlets or factory villages, at iron mines and furnaces, at coal-mines and coke-ovens, at lumber-camps and oil-wells, or along the many lines of canal and railroad which traverse the State in all directions. Physical Features. Pennsylvania is topographically divi sible into three parts : a south-east district, the open country between the South Mountains and the sea; a middle belt of parallel valleys separated by low parallel mountain-ridges; and a northern and Avestern upland, behind the escarpment of the Alleghany Mountain. One and a half millions of its people inhabit the fertile and highly-cultivated south eastern triangle, Avhich is noAvhere more than 600 or 700 feet above the level of the sea. One million inhabit the middle belt of higher-lying valleys, rich in iron ore and anthracite coal. One and a half millions occupy the great bituminous coal and oil regions of the northern and Avestern counties, elevated from 1000 to 2500 feet above the sea,