Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/491

Rh and terseness which marks all his work and made his teaching unattractive to inapt pupils. To young men of real talent, on the contrary, his teaching and warm personal interest in their work were of the greatest advantage, and he holds a most honourable place in the development of. After 's death in Peirce stood at the head of  ; but the first work that gave him a wider fame was his computation of the  of  and  (Proc. Amer. Acad., ). In he became consulting  to the American Nautical Almanac, and for this work he prepared new  of the. Another piece of important work was his discussion of the  of 's ring, in which he showed that a  ring was necessarily unstable as well as a  one. From to  he was superintendent of the  ; in  he published his largest and most characteristic work, the System of Analytical Mechanics. He himself, however, seems to have thought most of his Linear Associative Algebra ( privately in a few copies, ; reprinted in the American Journ. of Math., ). His death took place at, , on 6th.  PEKING or, the capital of the , is situated in 39° 54′ 36″N. . and 116° 27′E. ., and stands on the northern extremity of the great  which extends southwards from its s for 700 s. For the last nine centuries Peking, under various names and under the dominion of successive, has, with some short intervals, remained an. Its situation near the northern frontier recommended it to the invaders as a convenient centre for their power, and its peculiarly fortunate position as regards the supernatural terrestrial influences pertaining to it has inclined succeeding  s to accept it as the seat of their s. In  it was taken by an invading force of , who adopted it as their headquarters and named it Nanking, or the &ldquo;southern capital.&rdquo; During the  the  recaptured it and reduced it from the rank of a  to that of a   of the first grade, and called it Yen-shan Foo. In it fell into the hands of the Kin, who made it a royal residence under the name of , or &ldquo;central capital.&rdquo;  it became the prize of , who, having his main interests centred on the n s, declined to move his  southwards. To his great successor (–), however, the establishment of a capital within the frontiers of  became a necessity, and, following the example set him by preceding sovereigns, he made choice of, as he rechristened the city. With his usual magnificence, he rebuilt the town, which became known in as, or &ldquo;great capital,&rdquo; and in  as , or &ldquo;city of the khan.&rdquo; During the reign of the  of  (–) which succeeded that founded by  the  resided at the modern , but in the eyes of the succeeding  Yung-lo (–) the political advantages of a northern residence appeared so obvious that he transferred his  to Peking (i.e., the northern capital), which has ever since been the seat of.

EB9 Peking 2.png

Plan of Peking. (Scale, one mile and a half to an inch.)

During the periods above mentioned the extent and boundaries of the varied considerably. Under the the s extended to the south-west of the  portion of the present, and the foundations of the northern s of the  of  are still to be traced at a distance of about 2 s in a northerly direction beyond the existing s. The modern city consists of two parts, the nui ch&rsquo;ing, or inner , commonly known to foreigners as the &ldquo; ,&rdquo; and the wai ch&rsquo;ing, or outer , known in the same way as the &ldquo; .&rdquo; These names are somewhat misleading, as the inner  is not enclosed within the outer , but adjoins its northern , which, being longer than the nui ch&rsquo;ing is wide, outflanks it considerably at both ends, as may be seen in the accompanying plan. The outer s of the double contain an  of about 25s, and measure 30s in. Unlike the s of most, those of Peking are kept in perfect order. Those of the portion, which is the oldest part of the, are 50 high, with a width of 60 at the base and 40 at the top, while those of the  , which were built by the   in , measure 30 in height, and have a width of 25 at the base and 15 at the top. The terre-plein is well and smoothly paved, and is defended by a. The outer faces of the s are strengthened by square es built out at intervals of 60, and on the summits of these stand the -houses for the on duty. Each of the sixteen s of the 