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 358 P A T P A T being worked abroad, but patented articles manufactured abroad may be introduced into Belgium. Brazil. By a statute passed in 1SS2 patents are granted alike to natives and to foreigners. In the case of a foreigner the applica tion must be made in Brazil within seven months from the date of his foreign patent. The specification must be in the Portuguese language. Patents are granted for a term of fifteen years, subject to the payment of a duty of 1 for the first year, and increasing ,-Cl yearly. The patent must be put into operation in Brazil within interrupted for more than a year. The Brazilian patent expires on the expiration of any earlier foreign patent for the same invention. The foreign patentee must appoint au accredited agent to represent him in Brazil. Chili. Patents are granted for a term of ten years, subject to a tax of i 10 to be paid on application. An extension of a patent may be obtained when the importance of the invention is con sidered sufficient to warrant it. The invention must be worked in Chili within a term fixed in the patent, and the working must not be discontinued as long as the patent is valid. Denmark. Native inventors may obtain patents for fifteen years, but patents granted to foreigners are limited to five years. A tax of 60 francs is payable on every patent. The invention must be worked in the country during the first year of the patent, and must be continued without interruption, but the patentee can import the patented article into the country from abroad. Frame. Grants of patents (brevets d invention) are regulated in France by the law of 5th July 1844. Patents are granted to inventors or their assignees, whether natives or foreigners, and the French patent expires with any foreign patent of earlier date. Applications for French patents must be made prior to the filing of the complete specification in any foreign country. Patents are granted for a term of fifteen years upon payment of an annual duty of 4. All the duties must be paid up prior to an assignment of the patent being registered. Alterations, additions, or improve ments may be protected by patents of addition which expire with the original grant. The subject of the patent must be manufac tured entirely in France, and cannot be imported from a foreign country without invalidating the patent. The invention must be put into execution within two years from the date of the grant, !i:id the working must not then cease for any period of two con secutive years. The patent extends to all the French colonies. Germany. By a law dated 25th May 1877 patents are granted for fifteen years to natives and foreigners. The invention must not have been previously described in a printed publication in any way. The patentee may obtain supplementary patents for improve ments expiring with the original patent. A government duty of 1 10s. is paid on the issue of the patent, together with an annuity commencing at 2 10s. and increasing by 2 10s. each year for the whole term. The Government may revoke the patent if the invention has not been carried out in Germany within three years from the date of the patent. Italy. Patents are granted only to inventors or their assignees for terms varying from one to fifteen years. The publication of a previous foreign patent does not invalidate the grant provided the application is made during the continuance of the foreign patent, but the Italian patent will expire with the previous foreign patent. Patents of addition are granted expiring with the original patent. Patents are liable to taxes amounting to about 50 francs for each of the first three years of the patent, and increasing gradually. The invention must be worked in Italy within two years from the date of the grant. The description of the invention may be either in the Italian or the French language. Norway. By laws of 15th July 1839 and 9th May 1842 patents are granted for a term not exceeding ten years to inventors only. The invention must not have been published in Norway prior to the application, which is subject to an official examination, not usually of a stringent character. A payment of 10 specie dollars must be made in respect of each application. The invention must be put in practice in the country within two years from the date of the grant. Paroyuay. Under a law of 20th May 1845 citizens or foreigners are alike entitled to protection, and the term of the grant varies from two to ten years. Where there is a previous foreign patent for the same invention the patent is not valid for more than six months beyond the termination of the foreign patent. The inven tion patented must be worked within two years from the date of the grant. Portv. jal. By a royal decree of 31st December 1852 inventors, whether natives or foreigners, may obtain patents for terms varying from one to fifteen years. Certificates of addition are also granted, but expire with the original patent. A patent will not be granted to an inventor for a longer term than that of his original patent. The government taxes amount to about 1 8s. per annum, in addi tion to which certain official fees are payable. The patent becomes void if the invention is not carried into practice within two years from the date of its grant. Russia. The law is set forth in several imperial decrees, under which patents are granted to natives and foreigners alike for the term of three, five, or ten years, and upon payment of government duties of 90 roubles for three years, 150 roubles for five years, and 450 roubles for ten years. The patent also covers the kingdom of Poland. There is great delay in obtaining patents. A period of from one to two years usually elapses between the application and the date of the grant. The specification must be written in the Russian language. The invention must be worked in Russia within one quarter of the time for which the patent is granted. Separate patents arc issued for Finland. Spain. The law is dated 1st August 1878. Patents are granted to foreigners as well as to natives for terms varying from five to twenty years. The application nmst be made prior to the publica tion of the specification of the invention in another country. The annual taxes begin with 10 francs for the first year, and increase at the rate of 10 francs a year. The patent covers the Spanish colonies of Cuba, Porto- Rico, and the Philippine Islands. The. specification must be made in the Spanish language. Certificates of addition are granted for improvements, expiring with the original patent. The invention must be put into operation within two years from the date of the grant. Sweden. Patents are granted to natives and foreigners for terms varying from three to fifteen years, but the patent of a foreigner expires with the expiration of the foreign patent. The invention must be put into operation within the country before the expira tion of two years from the date of the grant. Turkey. Under a law dated 2d March 1880 patents are granted to natives or foreigners for five, ten, or fifteen years, subject to an annual payment of two Turkish pounds. A patent expires with the termination of any earlier foreign patent for the same invention. Certificates of alteration, addition, or improvement are granted, and expire with the termination of the original grant. The inven tion must be worked within two years from the date of the patent, and the working must not be discontinued for two consecutive years subsequently. Patented articles manufactured abroad cannot be imported into Turkey without invalidating the patent. In addition to the above-mentioned countries the following also have laws for the protection of inventions under which foreigners may obtain patents : United States of Colombia, Guatemala, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Mexico, Nicaragua, and San Salvador. International Patents. The Governments of Belgium, Brazil, France, Guatemala, Holland, Italy, Portugal, San Salvador, Servia, Spain, and Switzerland have recently signed, and Great Britain is about to sign, an international convention relating to patents, the salient points of which are : (1) that the subjects of each of the above states shall in all the other states, as regards patents, enjoy the advantages that their respective laws grant to their own subjects ; (2) that any person who has duly registered an application for a patent in any one of the states shall enjoy a right of priority protecting the first patentee against any acts accomplished in the interval for a term of six months a month longer being allowed for countries beyond the sea ; (3) that the introduction by the patentee into the country where the patent has been granted of objects manufactured in any of the other states shall not entail forfeiture ; but the patentee remains bound to work his patent in conformity with the laws of the country into which he introduces the patented objects ; (4) that the states agree to grant temporary protection to paten table inventions for articles appearing at ollicially recognized inter national exhibitions. It is understood that Holland and Switzerland, where there are at present no patent laws, will shortly adopt measures in pursuance of the terms of the above convention whereby inventions may bo protected. 1 (J. II. J.) PATERCULUS, MARCUS 2 VELLEIUS, a Roman historian, was probably born about 19 B.C. His father, a cavalry officer, belonged to a good Capuan family, several members of which had risen to some military or magisterial distinc tion. The historian himself served as military tribune in Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, and the East, and in 2 A.D. was present at the interview on the Euphrates between C. Ctesar (grandson of Augustus) and the Parthian king. Afterwards as prsefect of cavalry and legatus he served for eight years (from 4 A.D. onward) in Germany and Pannonia under Tiberius, in whose triumph (12 A.D.) he and his brother bore a conspicuous part. For his services 1 For further information on the subject the reader is referred to Johnson s Patentee s Manual, fifth edition, 1884. 2 Marcus is the name given by Priscian ; but Renier identifies the historian with the &quot; C. Velleio Paterculo &quot; of a North-African mile stone (Aco.d. des Inscr., Dec. 1875; Rev. Archeol., 1875), the date of which he places (on inconclusive grounds) iu 3ti A.D.
 * i year from the date of the grant, and the working must not be