Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/342

 320 P A R P A R pliorus in Pares that Miltiades received the hurt of which he afterwards died (Herod, vi. 133-136). By means of an inscrip tion Ross was enabled to identify the site of the temple ; it lies, in agreement with the description of Herodotus, on a low hill beyond the boundaries of the town. Faros also sided with Xerxes against Greece, but after the battle of Artcmisium the Parian contingent remained in Cythnos watching the progress of events (Herod., viii. 67). For this unpatriotic conduct the islanders were punished by Themistocles, who exacted a heavy fine (Herod., viii. 112). Under the Athenian naval confederacy, Paros paid the highest tribute of all the islands subject to Athens, 30 talents annually, according to the assessment of Olymp. 88, 4 (429 B.C.). Little is known of the constitution of Paros, but inscriptions seem to show that it was democratic, with a senate (Boule) at the head of affairs (Corpus Jnscript., 2376-2383 ; Ross, Inscr. Lied., ii. 147, 148). In 410 B.C. the Athenian general Theramenes found an oligarchy at Paros ; he deposed it and restored the democracy (Diod. Sic., xiii. 47). Paros was included.in the new Athenian confederacy of 378 B.C., but after wards, along with Chios, it renounced its connexion with Athens, probably about 357 B.C. Thenceforward the island lost its political importance. From the inscription of Adule we learn that the Cyclades, and consequently Paros, were subject to the Ptolemies of Egypt. Afterwards they passed under the rule of Rome. When the Latins made themselves masters of Constantinople, Paros, like the rest, became subject to Venice. In 1537 it was conquered by the Turks. The island now belongs to the kingdom of Greece. See Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, vol. i. p. 232 sq., Lyons, 1717; Clarke, Travels, vol. iii., London, 1814; Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 84 sq., London, 1835; Prokesch, Denkwiirdigkeiten, vol. ii. p. 19 sq., Stutt gart, 183fi; Ross, Reisen an/ den griechischen Jnseln. vol. i. p. 44 sq., Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1840; Fiedler, Reise durch alle Theile des Konigreiches Griechen- land, vol. ii. p. 179 sq., Leipsic, 1841; Bursian, Geographie von Griechcnlawl, tol. ii. p. 483 sq., Leipsic, 1872. PARQUETRY is a kind of mosaic of wood used for ornamental flooring. Materials contrasting in colour and grain, such as oak, walnut, cherry, lime, pine, &c., are employed ; and in the more expensive kinds the richly coloured tropical woods are also used. The patterns of parquet flooring are entirely geometrical and angular (squares, triangles, lozenges, &c.), curved and irregular forms being avoided on account of the expense and difficulty of fitting. There are two classes of parquetry in use veneers and solid parquet. The veneers are usually about a quarter of an inch in thickness, and are laid over already existing floors. Solid parquet of an inch or more in thickness consists of single pieces of wood grooved and tongued together, having consequently the pattern alike on both sides. It forms in itself a sufficient floor of great strength and durability; but veneer, on the other hand, is generally more elegant and complex in design. PARR. This name was originally applied to small Salmonoids which are abundant in British rivers, and were for a long time considered to constitute a distinct species (Salmo salmulus). They possess the broad head, short snout, and large eye characteristic of young Salmonoids, and are ornamented on the sides of the body and tail with about eleven or more broad dark cross-bars, the so-called parr-marks. However, John Shaw proved, by experiment, that these fishes represent merely the first stage of growth of the salmon, before it assumes, at an age of two years, and when about six inches long, the silvery smolt-dress preparatory to its first migration to the sea. The parr- marks are produced by a deposit of black pigment in the skin, and appear very soon after the exclusion of the fish from the egg ; they are still visible for some time below the new coat of scales of the smolt-stage, but have entirely disappeared on the first return of the young salmon from the sea. Although the juvenile condition of the parr is now almost universally admitted, it is a remarkable fact, which has not yet received a satisfactory explanation, that many male parr, from 7 to 8 inches long, have their sexual organs fully developed, and that their milt has all the fertilizing properties of the seminal fluid of a full-grown and sexually matured salmon. On the other hand, no female parr has ever been obtained with mature ova. Not only the salmon, but also the other species of Salmo, the grayling, and probably also the Coregoni, pass through a parr-stage of growth. The young of all these fishes are barred, the salmon having generally eleven or more bars, and the parr of the migratory trout from nine to ten, or two or three more than the river-trout. In other respects these parr are very similar to one another ; and in the first year of their life it is very difficult and sometimes almost impossible to ascertain their parentage, whilst in the second year the specific characteristics become more and more conspicuous. In some of the small races or species of river-trout the parr-marks are retained throughout life, but subject to changes in intensity of colour. PARR, SAMUEL (1747-1825), the son of Samuel Parr, surgeon at Harrow-on-the-Hill, was born there 15th January 1747. At Easter 1752 he was sent to Harrow School as a free scholar, where he made the acquaintance of many pupils, such as Bishop Bennet, Sir William Jones, and Warburton Lytton, who became eminent in after life. They read in the same class, they shared in the same sports, and their friendship lasted from youth to age. As Parr was destined for his father s profession, he was removed from school in the spring of 1761, and for the next few years assisted his father in his practice. When the old surgeon realized that his son was but ill- adapted for this pursuit, the boy was sent to Emmanuel College, Cambridge (autumn of 1765), but on his father s death shortly afterwards he was compelled, through lack of means, to return to Harrow. From February 1767 to the close of 1771 he acted as head assistant at Harrow School to Dr Sumner, a teacher whom he idolized, and had under his care many pupils, of whom Sheridan was the best known. When the headmaster died in September 1771 Parr became a candidate for the place, but was rejected, chiefly on account of his youth, whereupon he started another school at Stanmore, and drew after him about forty of his former scholars. After a trial of five years he found himself unable to bear up against the attractions of his old establishment, and dismissed the boys entrusted to his charge, becoming first the headmaster of Colchester Grammar School (1776-78) and then of Norwich School (1778-86). The small rectory of Asterby in Lincolnshire was conferred upon him in 1780, and it was followed three years later by the vicarage of Hatton near Warwick. Though he exchanged this latter benefice for Wadenhoe in Northamptonshire in 1789, he stipulated to be allowed to reside, as assistant curate, in the parsonage of Hatton. In this retirement he spent the rest of his days, cheered by the attractions of an excellent library, described by Mr H. G. Bohn in Bibliotheca Parriana (1827), and the converse of his classical friends, some of whom, like Person and E. H. Barker, passed many months in his company. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the university of Cambridge in 1781. Parr died at Hatton vicarage, 6th March 1825, and was buried in the chancel of its church. He had to middle age felt the pressure of poverty, but through the gift in 1788 of the prebendal stall of Wenlock Barns in St Paul s Cathedral (then worth only a reserved rent of 20 a year, but on the lapse of the lease in 1804 a preferment of considerable value), and through the purchase for him by his friends in 1789 of an annuity of 300, he died possessed of a large fortune. Dr Parr s writings fill several volumes, but they are all beneath the reputation which he acquired through the variety of his know ledge and the dogmatism of his conversation. The chief of them are his character of Charles James Fox ; his Latin preface, a long eulogy of Burke, North, and Fox, to a new edition of three books of Bellendenus ; and his reprint of the Tracts of Warburton and a Warlmrtonian, not admitted into their works, a volume still not without interest for its scathing exposure of Warburton and Hurd. The character of Parr s compositions may be gathered from a passage in the Edinburgh Review (October 1802) on his Spital ser mon, &quot; a discourse of no common length .... an immeasurable mass of notes which appear to concern every learned thing, every