Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/320

 298 P A E P A 11 the work extremely popular, and it still holds its place as one of the acknowledged classics in this department of literature. It seemed for a time as if Park was now to settle down quietly at home ; he married a daughter of his old master, Mr Anderson, and commenced practice as a country doctor at Peebles, where at least he could enjoy &quot;a glass of strong beer and a peep at the sky through Mi- Oman s telescope&quot;; but he was ill at ease his heart was in Africa. In 1804 the people of Peebles were amused and alarmed by the vagaries of Sidi Omback Boubi from Mogador, who had come to teach their doctor Arabic : and in autumn Park parted from Sir Walter Scott, who had been one of his best friends, with the hopeful proverb on his lips, &quot; Freits (omens) follow those that look to them.&quot; He had accepted Lord Hobart s proposal that he should take command of a Niger expedition. He sailed from Portsmouth on January 30, 1805; and the expedition started from Pisauia on May 4th. Unfortunately the rainy season soon afterwards commenced ; by the time r&amp;gt;ammako was reached the party was reduced from forty- four Europeans to eleven, and from Sansanding the leader had to report &quot;five only are at present alive, viz., three soldiers (one deranged in his mind), Lieutenant Martyn, and myself.&quot; Among those who had died at Sansanding was his brother-in-law Mr Anderson. On November 19th he set sail down the river from Sansanding with the &quot; fixed resolution to discover the termination of the Niger or perish in the attempt.&quot; Isaaco, the Mandingo guide who had accompanied the expedition up to this point, was afterwards sent on a mission to find out the fate of the voyagers ; it was learned that they had managed to make their way through countless perils to Bussa (Boussa) between 9 and 10 N. lat., and that they were there attacked by the natives, and were drowned in endeavouring to escape. Park was 6 feet in height, active and robust ; his countenance was prepossessing, his manner in company plain and simple, but somewhat cold and reserved. See the Life (by &quot;Visliav) prefixed to Journal of a Mission- into the Interior of Africa in 1805, London, 1815 ; H. B., Life of Munrja Park, Edinburgh, 1835 ; and an interesting passage in Lockhart s Life of Sir Walter Scott, vol. ii. PARKER, JOHN HEXRY (1806-1884), architectural archaeologist, was the son of a London merchant, and was born in 1806. He was educated at Manor House School, Chiswick, and in 1821 entered business as a bookseller. Succeeding his uncle Joseph Parker as a bookseller at Oxford in 1832, he conducted the business with great success, the most important of the firm s publications being perhaps the series of the &quot; Oxford Pocket Classics.&quot; The cares of business did not prevent him from devoting, in the earlier period of his life, much of his time to those architectural studies which latterly engaged his chief attention. In 1836 he brought out his Glossary of Architecture, which, published in the earlier years of the Gothic revival, had considerable influence in extending the movement, and supplied a valuable help to young architects. In 1848 he edited the fifth edition of Rickman s Gothic Architecture, and in 1849 he published a handbook based on his earlier volume, and entitled Introduction to the Study of Gothic A rchitccture. The completion of Hudson Turner s Domestic Architecture of the Middle Af/es next engaged his attention, three volumes being published (1853-60). In 1858 he published Medixvd Architecture of Chester. Parker was one of the chief advocates of the &quot; restoration &quot; of ecclesiastical buildings, and published in 1866 Architectural Antiquities of the City of Well*. Latterly he devoted much attention to explorations of the history of Rome by means of excavations, and succeeded in satisfying himself of the historical truth of much usually regarded as legendary. Tvo volumes of his Archeology of Rome have been published, the one in 1873, and the other in 1875, while six additional parts have also appeared, and two others were in the press at his death. In recogni tion of his labours he was decorated by the king of Italy, and received a medal from Pope Pius IX. In 1869 he endowed the keepership of the Ashmolean Museum with a sum yielding 250 a year, and under the new arrange ment he was appointed the first keeper. In 1871 he was nominated C.B. He died 31st January 1884. PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575), archbishop of Canterbury, the eldest surviving son of William Parker and Alice Monins, his wife, was born at Norwich 6th August 1504. His father was an artisan, a calenderer of woollen stuffs, but through his mother he could afterwards trace his descent from the earls of Nottingham. He was instructed in reading by Thomas Benis, rector of St Clement s, Norwich, and in the elements of Latin by one William Neve ; in the latter he found (a somewhat excep tional experience in those days) a kind and sympathizing teacher. When Matthew was twelve years of age he lost his father ; but his mother was, notwithstanding, able to send him at the commencement of the Michaelmas term, 1521, to Cambridge, and to maintain him there until his merits secured some recognition. He was educated partly in St Mary s Hostel and partly in Corpus Christi College. In March 1523 he was elected to a bible-clerkship in the college, an office which involved reading the Bible aloud on prescribed occasions, and waiting at the fellows table at dinner. In the March of the following year he was admitted B.A. ; he was subsequently made a deacon and a priest, in 1527 was elected to a fellowship, and in 1528 commenced M.A. His industry as a student and his general ability marked him out for early notice; and when, in 1521, Wolsey was founding Cardinal College (afterwards Christ Church), Oxford, Parker was one among a number of rising Cambridge students who were invited to become fellows of the new society. Fortunately, however, for himself and for Cambridge he elected to stay at Corpus. The university was at this time becoming a great centre of the Reformation movement, and he found himself attracted to the meetings held at the White Horse (an inn in the town), which the Catholic party derisively styled &quot;Germany,&quot; from the fact that it was the known rendezvous of the supporters of Lutheran tenets. Among those with whom he was thus brought into contact was Bilney, the martyr ; and when, in 1531, the latter was burned at Norwich, Parker attended him in his last hours, and afterwards bore testimony to his constancy. On Cranmer s election to the archbishopric of Canterbury, Parker received a licence to preach, and soon became known in Cambridge and its neighbourhood as a divine of considerable oratorical power. He was summoned to preach at court; and in 1535 the queen, Ann Boleyn, appointed him her chaplain. He shortly after received a further mark of her favour by being made dean of the college of St John the Baptist, at Stoke, near Clare, Suffolk an institution for the training of the secular clergy. Here he gave the earliest indication of his skill as an administrator; and the new statutes which he drew up for the college were deemed so judicious that the duke of Norfolk, in 1540, adopted them as a model for the code which he gave to a similar foundation at Thetford. Parker s retired life at Stoke did not altogether secure him from attack on account of his courageously avowed sympathies with the Reformation, and in the year 1539 he was accused by the townsmen of Clare of mani festing undue contempt for the Catholic ritual. At Stoke Parker continued to reside more or less until
 * the year 1545. His disposition throughout life was
 * naturally retiring. In one of his letters to Cecil, written