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 A K P A R 295 petroleuses). The Hotel de Ville, the Palais de Justice, the Tuileries, the Ministry of Finance, the palace of the Legion of Honour, that of the Council of State, part of the Rue de Rivoli, &c., were ravaged by the flames ; barrels of gunpowder were placed in Notre Dame and the Pantheon, ready to blow up the buildings ; and the whole city would have been involved in ruin if the national troops had not gained a last and crowning victory in the neighbourhood of La Roquette and Pere-la-Chaise on May 28th. Besides the large number of insurgents who, taken in arms, were pitilessly shot, others were afterwards condemned to death, to penal servitude, to transportation ; and the survivors only obtained their liberty by the decree of 1879. From this double trial Paris emerged diminished and almost robbed of its dignity as capital ; for the parlia mentary assemblies and the Government went to sit at Versailles. For a little it was thought that the city would not recover from the blow which had fallen on it. All came back, however confidence, prosperity, and, along with that, increasing growth of population and the execu tion of great public works. The Hotel de Ville has been rebuilt, the school of medicine adorned with an imposing fa9ade, a vast school of pharmacy established in the old gardens of the Luxembourg, and boulevards completed. The exhibition of 1878 was more marvellous than those of 1855 and 1867, and unlike that of the latter year has left
 * a lasting memorial, the palace of the Trocaddro. Finally

! the chambers in 1879 considered quiet sufficiently restored I to take possession of their customary quarters in the Palais Bourbon and the Luxembourg. This happy event closes 1 for the present the annals, at times only too dramatic, of ! the capital of France. (A. s.-p.) Bibliography. From the immense list of works relating to Paris it is possible i to make but a small selection here. For the history of the city the reader may ! consult Sauval, Histoire de Paris, 3 vols. fol., 1724; Dom Felibien, Histoire de I Paris, 5 vols. fol., 1725; Lcbeuf, Histoire de la ville et du diocese de Paris, 15 i vols. 12mo, 1754-57, new eel. by Cocheris, 1803 sq.; Jaillot, Recherche* sur Paris, 5 vols. 8vo, 1772-74 ; Dulaure, Histoire de Paris, often reprinted ; Berty, Topo- graphic historitjue du vieux Paris, 2 vols. 4to, 1800-G8, and Allan des ancient i plans de Paris, published by the city and edited by Duclier. For the libraries Les anciennes bibliotheques de Paris (1867) ; L. Delisle, Le cabinet des manuscriti de Ja bibliotheriue imperial e (1868); Inventaire genera! des ricltesses d art de la
 * an 1 art treasures of Paris the following works may be referred to : Francklin,
 * France, public par !e Ministere de I Instruction publique et des lieaux Arts (the

i volumes relati ig to Paris), and the Inventaire general des ceuvres d art apparten- ant a la ville de Paris, in course of publication by the municipality. As regards the modern ;ity, see the official Annuaire statistique de la vine de Paris; the Atlas de la ville de Paris par arrondissement, published by the municipality; Maxime Duramp, Paris, ses organes, ses f auctions, sa vie (6 vols. 8vo and 6 vols. 18mo, 18C9-1875); Laeroix and Verbaeckhovcn, Paris-Guide, par les principaux ecrivains et artistes de la France, 18G7 ; and A. Joanne, Paris illustre, 1881. PARIS, the son of Priam, king of Troy. Before he was born his mother Hecuba dreamed that she was delivered of a firebrand. The dream was interpreted that her child would ruin his country, and when Paris was born he was exposed on Mount Ida. His life was saved by the herds men, and he grew up among them, distinguished for beauty and strength, till he was recognized and received by his parents. When the strife arose at the marriage of Peleus and Thetis between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, each claiming the apple that should belong to the most beauti ful, Paris was selected as the judge. The three rivals unveiled their divine charms before a mortal judge on Mount Ida. The scene afterwards became a favourite subject in Greek art, and it is usual to represent Hermes escorting the goddesses. Each tried to bribe the judge, Hera by promising power, Athena wisdom, Aphrodite the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris decided in favour of Aphrodite, and thus made Hera and Athena the bitter enemies of his country. To gain the woman whom Aphrodite had promised, Paris set sail for Lacedaemon, deserting his old love Qilnone, daughter of the river-god Cebren, who in vain tried to induce him to give up his purpose. He Avas hospitably received by Menelaus, whose kindness he repaid by seducing his wife Helena to flee with him to Troy. The details of the flight are variously related (see HELENA). The siege of Troy by the united Greeks followed. Paris proved a lazy and backward fighter, though not wanting in actual courage when he could be roused to exert himself. Before the capture of the city he was mortally wounded by Philoctetes with an arrow. He then bethought him of the slighted nymph CEnone, who he knew could heal the wound. He was carried into her presence, but she refused to save him. Afterwards, when she found he was dead, she committed suicide. Paris is represented in Greek art as a beautiful young man, beardless, wearing the pointed Phrygian cap, and often holding in his hand the apple. PARIS, MATTHEW or. See vol. xv. p. 633. PARISH. In England the parish may be regarded as essentially an ecclesiastical institution, being defined as the township or cluster of townships which was assigned to the ministration of a single priest, to whom its tithes and other ecclesiastical dues were paid ; and it has been decided that if a place has not a church, churchwardens, and sacramen- talia it is not a parish in this original sense of the term. The word has now acquired several distinct meanings, which must be separately mentioned and investigated. The Old Ecclesiastical Parish. In the absence of evi dence to the contrary, the ecclesiastical parish is presumed to be composed of a single township or vill, and to be con terminous with the manor within the ambit of which it is comprised. Before the process of subinfeudation became prevalent, the most ancient manors were the districts which we call by that name when speaking of the tenants, or &quot;townships &quot; when we regard the inhabitants, or &quot; parishes &quot; as to matters ecclesiastical. The parish as an institution is in reality later in date than the township. The latter has been in fact the unit of local administration ever since the country was settled by the English in their several states and kingdoms ; the beginnings of the parochial system are attributed to Theodore of Tarsus, who was archbishop of Canterbury towards the close of the 7th century. The system was extended in the reign of Edgar, and it appears not to have been complete until the reign of Edward III. It has been considered that the intimate connexion of church and state militates against the view that the parochial system was founded as a national institution, since any legislation on the subject of the township and parochial systems would probably have resulted in the merging of the one into the other. &quot; The fact that the two systems, the parish and the township, have existed for more than a thousand years side by side, identical in area and administered by the same persons, and yet separate in character and machinery, is a sufficient proof that no legislative Act could have been needed in the first place ; nor was there any lay council of the whole nation which could have sanctioned such a measure &quot; (Stubbs, Const. Hist., i. 227). The boundaries of the old ecclesiastical parishes are usually identical with those of the township or townships comprised within its precinct ; they are deter mined by usage, in the absence of charters or records, and are evidenced by perambulations, which formerly took place on the &quot; gang-days &quot; in Rogation week, but are now for the most part held triennially, the Poor-Law Act of 1844 permitting the parish officers to charge the expense on the poor-rate, &quot; provided the perambulations do not occur more than once in three years.&quot; The expense of preserving the boundary by land-marks or bound-stones is chargeable to the same rate. Many parishes contain more than one township, and this is especially the case in the northern