Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/228

 210 P A N P A N making the penteteric Panathensea the great Ionian festival in rivalry to the Dorian Olympia. The penteteric festival was celebrated in the third year of each Olympiad. The annual festival consisted solely of the sacrifices and rites proper to this season in the cultus of the goddess. One of these rites originally consisted in carrying a new peplus to the temple to serve as the clothing of the image, a ceremonial known in other cities and represented by the writer of the Iliad (vi.) as being in use at Troy; but it is probable that this rite was afterwards restricted to the great penteteric festival. Even the religious rites were celebrated with much greater splendour at the Greater Panathenrea. The whole empire shared in the great sacrifice; every colony and every subject state sent a deputation and sacrificial animals. On the great day of the feast there was a procession of the priests, the sacri ficial assistants of every kind, the representatives of every part of the empire with their victims, the cavalry, in short of the population of Attica and great part of its depend encies. The peplus was borne in the procession and presented to the goddess, and the hecatomb was sacrificed. At least as early as the 3d century before Christ the custom was introduced of spreading the peplus like a sail on the mast of a ship, which was rolled on a machine in the procession. The subject of the frieze of the Parthenon is an idealized treatment of this great procession. The festival which had been beautified by Pisistratus was made still more imposing under the rule of Pericles. He introduced a regular musical contest in place of the old recitations of the rhapsodes, which were an old standing accompaniment of the festival. The order of the agones from this time onwards was first the musical, then the gymnastic, then the equestrian contest. Many kinds of contest, such as the chariot race of the apobatai, which were not in use at Olympia, were practised in Athens. The season of the festival was the last days of Hecatom- baeon, and the great day was the 28th, third from the end of the month (rpirr) &amp;lt;/&amp;gt;0iVoi/Tos, called by Euripides &amp;lt;0ivas d/te pa). The prize in the games was an amphora full of olive oil produced from the holy olives, the property and gift of the goddess herself. Only one Panathenaic amphora has been found in Attica itself ; and, though many have been discovered outside of Attica, especially in Cyrene, it has been maintained that the latter are- not really prizes in the games, but imitations made in the export trade as a sort of mark that the oil sold in them was of the very finest quality. PANAY. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PANCH MAHALS, a district in the east of Guzerat, Bombay presidency, India, lying between 22 30 and 23 10 N. lat., and between 73 35 and 74 10 E. long., with an area of 1613 square miles. The south-western portion is for the most part a level plain of rich soil; while the northern, although it comprises some fertile valleys, is generally rugged, undulating, and barren, with but little cultivation. The mineral products comprise limestone, sandstone, trap, quartz, basalt, granite, and other varieties of building stone. Only recently has any attempt been made to conserve the extensive forest tracts, and con sequently but little timber of any size is now to be found. The census of 1881 returned the population at 255,479 (131,162 males and 124,317 females); the Hindus numbered 159,624; Mohammedans, 16,060 ; Parsis, 30 ; and Christians, 44. Of the total population 30 per cent, belong to aboriginal tribes, the ma jority being Bhils. Of 350, 996 acres the total area of Government cultivable land 202,498 acres were taken up for cultivation in 1881-82. Of 153,262 acres under actual cultivation (41,828 acres being twice cropped), grain crops occupied 127,032 acres ; pulses 42,444; and oil-seeds, 22 t 238. PANCSO.VA, a town of Hungary, near the Servian frontier, is situated on the river Temes, just above its junction with the Danube, which it reaches 9 miles above Belgrade. The town contains Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Greek churches, a convent, and manufactories of starch and beetroot sugar. Cotton and mulberries (for feeding silkworms) are cultivated, and a brisk trade in live stock and grain is carried on with Turkey. The hog fairs are largely attended. In 1880 Pancsova contained 17,127 inhabitants, partly Serbs and partly Germans. It was burned by the retreating Austrians in 1788, and was again occupied by Austrian troops in 1849, after they had defeated the Hungarians in the vicinity. PANDARUS, son of Lycaon, led the people of Zeleia in the Troad as allies of the Trojans against the Greeks. In other passages his country is named Lycia. It is frequently said that the Lycians of the Iliad are a tribe of the Troad, different from the people of the country Lycia ; but it is more probable that the conflicting accounts belong to different strata in the Homeric poetry. Pandarus was worshipped as a hero at Pinara in Lycia. Lycaon, the name of Pandarus s father, is merely an epithet of Apollo, the great god of Lycia. Pandarus is not an important figure in the Iliad. He breaks the truce between the Trojans and the Greeks by treacherously wounding Menelaus with an arrow, and finally he is slain by Diomedes. In mediaeval romance he became a pro minent figure in the tale of Troilus and Cressida. He encouraged the amour between the Trojan prince and his niece Cressida ; and his name has passed into modern language as the common title of a lovers go-between in the worst sense. PANDECTS. See JUSTINIAN and ROMAN LAW. PANDERPUR, or PANDHARPUR, a town in Sholapur district, Bombay, India, situated on the right bank of the Bhima river, in 17 40 40&quot; N. lat. and 75 22 40&quot; E. long., with a population in 1881 of 16,910. It is held in great reverence by the Bralamans for its celebrated temple dedi cated to Vithoba, an incarnation of Vishnu. Three large annual religious fairs are held. PANDORA. See PROMETHEUS. PANDUA, or PARRUAH. See GAUR, vol. x. p. 115. PANGOLIN. In Africa, India, and Malayana are found certain curious Mammals known to the Malays as Pangolins, to the English as Scaly Anteaters, and to naturalists by the scientific name of Manis. These animals, which, by a superficial observer, might be taken for reptiles rather than mammals, belong to the order Edentata, otherwise almost wholly confined to the New World, and containing, besides the Pangolins, the Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos, and Aard Varks. In size pangolins range from 1 to 3 feet in length, exclusive of the tail, which varies from much shorter than to nearly twice the length of the rest of the animal ; their legs are short, so that the body is only a few inches off the ground ; their ears are very small ; and their tongue is long and worm-like, and is used to catch ants with. Their most striking character, however, is their wonderful external coat of mail, composed &quot; of numerous broad over lapping horny scales, which cover the whole animal, with the exception of the under surface of the body, and, in most species, of the lower part of the tip of the tail. Besides the scales there are generally, especially in the Indian species, a certain number of isolated hairs, which grow up between the scales, and are also scattered over the soft and flexible skin of the belly. There are five toes on each foot, the claws on the pollex and hallux rudi mentary, but the others, especially the third of the fore foot, long, curved, and laterally compressed. In walking the fore claws are turned backwards and inwards, so that the weight of the animal rests on their back and outer sur faces, and their points are thus kept from becoming blunted.