Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/225

 P A M P A N 207 any importance. East of the latter city is the Oestrus, and beyond that again the Eurymedon, both of which are considerable streams, navigable for some distance from the sea. Near the mouth of the latter is a lake called Caprias, mentioned by Strabo, but it is a mere salt marsh. The chief towns on the coast are Olbia, the first town in Pamphylia, near the Lycian frontier ; Attalia, founded by Attalus II., king of Pergamus, which still retains the name of Adalia, and is the principal port in this part of Asia Minor; and Side, about 15 miles east of the Eurymedon. On a hill above that river, some distance inland, stood Aspendus, and in a similar position above the river Oestrus was Perga, celebrated for its temple of Artemis. Between the two rivers, but somewhat farther inland, stood Sylleum, a strong fortress, which even ventured to defy the arms of Alexander. None of these towns are historically known to have been Greek colonies ; but the foundation of Aspendus was traditionally ascribed to the Argives, and Side was said to be a colony from Cyme in ^Eolis. But it is certain that the inhabitants, even of these towns, retained little of a Hellenic character, and spoke a semi-barbarous dialect. The legend related by Herodotus and Strabo, which ascribed the origin of the Pamphylians to a colony led into their country by Amphi- lochus and Calchas, after the Trojan War, is merely one of those mythical fictions current among the Greeks with regard to so many non-Hellenic races. The coins of Aspendus, though of Greek character, present us with legends in a barbarous dialect. The Pamphylians never appear in history as an inde pendent people. They are first mentioned among the nations subdued by the kings of Lydia, and afterwards passed in succession under the dominion of the Persian and Macedonian monarchs. After the defeat of Antiochus III. in 190 B.C., they were included among the provinces annexed by the Romans to the dominions of Eumenes, king of Pergamum ; but at a somewhat later period they joined with their neighbours the Pisidians and Cilicians in their piratical ravages, and their port of Side became the chief centre of the naval power of these freebooters, and the place where the captives were sold as slaves. Pamphylia was for a short time included in the dominions of Amyntas, king of Galatia, but after the death of that monarch lapsed into the ordinary condition of a Roman province, and its name is not again mentioned in history. PAMPLONA (Pampeluna, Fr. Pampelune), a city of Spain, capital of the province of Navarre, and an epis copal see, is situated 1378 feet above sea-level, on the left bank of the Agra, a tributary of the Ebro, on a height commanding a wide view of the hill-encircled plain known as the &quot; cuenca &quot; or &quot; bowl &quot; of Pamplona. It is a station on the Ebro railway connecting Alsasua with Saragossa. The climate in general is cold and moist, but owing to the purity of the air and the excel lence of its drainage the town is not unhealthy. From its position Pamplona has always been the principal fortress of Navarre. The fortifications form a rectangle of which the north-east and north-west sides face the river (here crossed by several bridges), while on the south-west side stands the citadel, which owes its present construction to Philip II., who modelled it on that of Antwerp. It is a pentagon, separated from the city by an esplanade, and is calculated to accommodate 7500 men. The streets of the town are regular and broad ; there are three &quot; plazas,&quot; the principal of which, containing the Casa de la Diputa- cion and the theatre, is sometimes on festive occasions turned into a bull-ring. The cathedral is a late Gothic structure begun in 1397 by Charles III. (El Noble) of Navarre, who is buried within its walls ; of the previous structure raised by Don Sancho about 1123 only a small portion of the cloisters remains. The interior, which is fine, is remarkable for the peculiar structure of its apse ; the wood carvings of the choir, in English oak, by Miguel Ancheta, a native artist, are excellent. The principal fa9ade is Corinthian, from designs of Ventura Rodriguez (1783). The same architect designed the superb aqueduct by which the city is supplied with water from Monte Francoa, some nine miles off. The beautiful cloisters on the south side of the cathedral, and the chapter-house beyond them, as well as the old churches of San Saturnino (Gothic) and San Nicolas (Romanesque), are also of interest to the student of architecture. Among other places of public resort in Pamplona may be mentioned the bull-ring, capable of accommodating 8000 spectators, and the tennis court (El Trinquete). The town has a well- equipped secondary school, two normal and numerous primary schools, as well as an academy of design ; and there are three hospitals. Of the public gardens and walks the finest is La Taconera. The surrounding district is fertile, producing wine as well as grain and other seeds ; ! the manufactures are comparatively unimportant, the chief I being that of linen. The yearly fair in connexion with the feast of San Fermin (July 7), the patron saint of the city, attracts a large concourse from all parts of the country. Population of ayuntamiento in 1877, 25,630. Originally a town of the Vascones, Pamplona was rebuilt in 68 B.C. by Ponipey the Great, whence the name Pomprelo or Pompelo (Strabo). It was captured by Euric the Goth in 466 and by the Franks under Childebert in 542 ; it was dismantled by Charlemagne in 778, but repulsed the emir of Saragossa in 907. In the 14th cen tury it was greatly strengthened and beautified by Charles III., who built a citadel on the site now occupied by the Plaza de Toros and by the Basilica de S. Ignacio, the church markingthe spot where Ignatius Loyala received his wound in defending the place against Andre de Foix in 1521. From 1808 it was occupied by the French until taken by Wellington in 1813. In the Carlist war of 1836-40 it was held by the Cristinos, and in 1875-76 it was more than once attacked, but never taken, by the Carlists. . PAN, a Greek god worshipped chiefly in Arcadia, among whose mountains he had numerous sanctuaries and holy caves. While he is a very common figure in poetry and art, it is exceedingly difficult to gain any clear idea of his actual worship in his Arcadian home. He appears to have been worshipped on the mountain tops as well as in caves ; he was the herdsman s god, and the giver of fertility to flocks ; he was a god of prophetic inspiration and of dreams, in which he sometimes revealed the cure of diseases ; he was himself a huntsman and the god of hunters, and Arcadian sportsmen beat his image if they returned empty-handed from the chase ; even fishermen invoked him for aid in their occupation ; he guided travellers (as eroStos and iro/ji-n-aios) on the pathless mountains, and even smoothed the rough sea by the sound of his flute; he was the god of music, of dance, and of song, Echo and Syrinx were the objects of his love, and he sported and danced with the mountain Nymphs. The nineteenth Homeric Hymn gives a most poetic account of his birth from the union of Hermes and the daughter of Dryops, and of his life among the Arcadian mountains and springs. His power of inspiration and prophecy shows that there was an orgiastic, enthusiastic side of his worship, which made it easy for Pindar to connect him with the worship of Cybele, and for others to identify him with Marsyas. His voice inspires terror, and he produced sudden panics among men. The Athenian herald Phidip- pides heard his voice by the way promising victory at Marathon ; the Athenians attributed their triumph to his aid, and to the panic he inspired among the Persians, and consecrated to him a cave in the north side of the Acropolis. He had a temple and oracle near Acacesium, in which a fire burned continually. The analogy of his nature with Dionysus led to his assimilation with the Satyrs, and he is