Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/157

 PA J P A K 141 and abbey were made a temporal barony in his favour. His son was created earl of Abercorn. The abbey lands, after passing from the earl of Abercorn to the earl of Angus and thence to Lord Dundonald, were purchased in 1764 by the earl of Abercorn, with the view of making the abbey his residence, but changing his intention he let the grounds for building sites. The buildings inhabited by the monks have been totally demolished, but the nave of the abbey church is entire, and has been fitted up as a place of worship. It is one of the finest extant specimens of old ecclesiastical architecture in Scotland, and also con tains several fine sculptures and monuments. The unroofed transept and the foundations of the choir enclose a burying ground. The chapel of St Mirin, forming part of the transept, and now used as the place of sepulture of the Abercorn family, contains a monument to Mary Bruce, mother of Robert II., which has been recently recon structed. The principal secular buildings of the town are the county buildings and prison, erected in 1818 at a cost of -10,000, and afterwards extended ; the John Neilson institution, opened in 1852, a handsome structure occupy ing a commanding position on the site of the old Roman camp; the George A. Clark town-hall, in the Gothic style, erected in 1882 at a cost of ,50,000, and presented to Plan of Paisley. the town ; the news-room, 1808 ; the grammar school, in the Gothic style, 1864; the Government school of art, 1847; and the theatre. The benevolent institutions include the infirmary, the town hospital or poorhouse, the philosophi cal institution and humane society, the workhouse, the lunatic asylum, and Hutcheson s charity school. The Duncan Wright educational endowment provides for natives of the town several school bursaries of the value of from 5 to 10, and several college bursaries of the value of 25. The town possesses three public recreation grounds : the Fountain Gardens of 6 acres, presented by Mr Thomas Coats in 1868, and containing an elegant structure for a museum and library erected by Sir Peter Coats in 1870 ; the Brodie Park, 26 acres, laid out in 1877, and presented by the late Robert Brodie of Craigie- hall ; and St James s Park, formed out of the race course, which has lately been acquired by the corporation. There are statues of Wilson the ornithologist and Tannahill the poet. Linen was manufactured at Paisley before the Union, shortly after which coarse linen cloths were succeeded by plain and figured lawns. About the beginning of the 18th century an important manufacturing industry is said to have been originated by Christian Shaw, daughter of the laird of Bargarren. She acquired great skill in the spinning of yarn, and, with the co-operation of a friend in Holland, originated the manufacture of fine linen thread. From 1760 till 1785 silk gauze was the principal manu facture. Muslin, cambric, and cotton thread next came into prominence. The shawl manufacture, introduced about the beginning of the present century, the specialty of which was imitation cashmere shawls &quot;Paisley filled plaids* is now of minor importance. A wide range of worsted goods, mixed figured fabrics, and light figured muslins at present employ the looms. The spinning of thread and cotton is perhaps the industry for which the town is best known, although it is almost equally celebrated for its patent manufactures, including soap, starch, corn flour, and preparations of coffee. There are also exten sive bleachfields, large dye and print works, engineering works, and some shipbuilding. Since the beginning of the present century the population of the burgh (area 3520 acres) has more than trebled. In 1781 it Avas 11,000, which in 1791 had increased to 13,800, in 1801 to 17,026, in 1821 to 26,428, in 1831 to 31,460, in 1851 to 48,026, in 1871 to 48,257, and in 1881 to 55,642, of whom 25,832 were males and 29,810 females. There is no doubt that on the ridge of high ground above the Cart there was a Roman fort and camp, and the supposition that Paisley was the Vanduara of the Romans is supported by the derivation of that name, which means white water. The modern visage grew up round the abbey, but the origin of the name Paisley, which was first written Paslet, has been disputed. About the end of the 15th century its growth had excited the jealousy of the neighbouring burgh of Renfrew, to protect it from the molestations of which Abbot Schaw in 1488 obtained its erection into a free burgh of barony. According to this charter, granted by James IV., it obtained the privilege of returning a member to the Scottish parliament. By the Reform Act of 1833 it was created a parlia mentary burgh with one representative. The burgh is governed by a provost, four bailies, a treasurer, and ten councillors. Among the eminent persons connected with Paisley are Patrick Adamson, arch bishop of St Andrews ; Tannahill the poet ; Alexander Wilson the ornithologist ; Watt, author of Bibliotheca Britannica ; Motherwell the poet ; and Professor John Wilson, &quot;Christopher North.&quot; PAJOU, AUGUSTIN (1730-1809), born at Paris on 19th September 1730, was a member of the Academy and a leading sculptor of the French school during the reigns of Louis XV. and Louis XVI. His portrait busts of Buffon and of Madame Du Barry, and his statuette of Bossuet (all in the Louvre), are amongst his best works. He died at Paris May 8, 1809. Picnon, Melanges de la Societe des bibliophiles, 1856; Madame Du Barry, Memoire des ceuvrcs de Pajou; Barbet de Jouy, Sculptures mod. au Louvre. PAKHOI, or PEIHAI, a city and port of China, in the west of the province of Kwang-tung, situated on a bay of the Gulf of Tong-king, formed by a peninsula running south-west from the fu city of Lien-chow, in 21 30 N. lat. and 109 10 E. long. Dating only from about 1820-30, and at first little better than a nest of pirates, Pakhoi rapidly grew into commercial importance, owing partly to the complete freedom which it enjoyed from taxation, and partly to the diversion of trade produced by the Tai-ping rebellion. The establishment of a Chinese custom-house, and the opening of the ports of Hankow and Haiphong, for a time threatened to injure its prospects; but, foreign trade being permitted in 1876-77, it began in 1879 to be regularly visited by foreign steamers. The average value of the open trade between 1880 and 1882 was 475,000 per annum, and a great deal of smuggling still takes place. Liquid irfdigo, sugar, aniseed and aniseed oil, cassia-lignea and cassia oil, cuttle-fish, and hides are the chief exports. With Macao especially an extensive junk trade is carried on, 77,000 worth of