Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/919

Rh O R M O R M 853 each giving my son one talent, he had them all. Unhappily an old fairy had been forgotten, who, on arriving after the others, exclaimed, He will have all the talents, excepting that of making good use of them. &quot; The son of the regent, Louis (1703-1752), who succeeded him as duke of Orleans, played no part in politics, though his name fre quently occurs in the social history of the time, and fills a great place in contemporary memoirs. Louis s son, Louis PHILIPPE (1725-1785), was equally averse to politics, though he served as a soldier at the battle of Dettingen ; his great delight was the theatre, and his place is rather in the history of the Paris green rooms than in the history of France. But to Louis PHILIPPE JOSEPH (1747-1793), son of the preceding, a more adventurous life was allotted, and his part in the history of the French Revolution is one of the most difficult problems to solve of that exciting period, He was born at St Cloud in 1747, and bore the title of duke of Montpensier until his grandfather s death in 1752. He then became duke of Chartres, and in 1769 married Louise Marie Adelaide de Bourbon Penthievre, only daughter and heiress of the duke of Penthievre, grand admiral of France, and the richest heiress of the time. Her wealth made it certain that he would be the richest man in France, and he determined to play a part equal to that of his great-grandfather, the regent, whom he resembled in character and debauchery. As duke of Chartres he opposed the plans of Maupeou in 1771, and was promptly exiled to his country estate of Yillers-Cotterets (Aisne). When Louis XVI. came to the throne in 1774 Chartres still found himself looked on coldly at court ; Marie Antoinette hated him, and envied him for his wealth, wit, and freedom from etiquette, and he was not slow to return her hatred with scorn. In 1778 he served in the squadron of D Orvilliers, and was present in the naval battle of Ushant. He hoped to see further service, but the queen was opposed to this, and he was removed from the navy, and given the honorary post of colonel general of hussars. He then abandoned himself to pleasure ; he often visited London, and became an intimate friend of the prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.) ; he brought to Paris the &quot;anglo- mania,&quot; as it was called, and made jockeys as fashionable as they were in England. He also made himself very popular in Paris by his large gifts to the poor in time of famine, and by throwing open the gardens of the Palais Royal to the people. Before the meeting of the notables in 1787 he had succeeded his father as duke of Orleans, and showed his liberal ideas, which were largely learnt in England, so boldly that he was believed to be aiming at becoming constitutional king of France. In November he again showed his liberalism in the lit de justice, which Brienne had made the king hold, and was again exiled to Villers-Cotterets. The approaching convocation of the States-General made his friends very active on his behalf ; he circulated in every bailliage the pamphlets which Sieyes had drawn up at his request, and was elected in three by the noblesse of Paris, Villers-Cotterets, and Crepy-en-Valois. In the estate of the nobility he headed the liberal minority under the guidance of Adrien Duport, and led the minority of forty-seven noblemen who seceded from their own estate (June 1789) and joined the Tiers Etat. The part he played during the summer of 1789 is one of the most debated points in the history of the Revolution. The court accused him of being at the bottom of every popular movement, and saw the &quot;gold of Orleans&quot; as the cause of the Ee- veillon riot and the taking of the Bastille, as the republicans later saw the &quot;gold of Pitt&quot; in every germ of opposition to themselves. There can be no doubt that he hated the queen, and bitterly resented his long court disgrace, and also that he sincerely wished for a thorough reform of the government and the establishment of some such constitution as that of England ; and no doubt such friends as Adrien Duport and Choderlos de Laclos, for their own reasons, wished to see him king of France. The best testimony for the behaviour of Orleans during this summer is the testimony of an English lady, Mrs Grace Dalrymple Elliott, who shared his heart with Comtesse de Buffon, and from which it is absolutely certain that at the time of the riot of 12th July he was on a fishing excur sion, and was rudely treated by the king on the next day when going to offer him his services. He indeed became so disgusted with the false position of a pretender to the crown, into which he was being forced, that he wished to go to America, but, as Comtesse de Buffon would not go with him, he decided to remain in Paris. He was again accused, unjustly, of having caused the march of the women to Versailles on 5th October. La Fayette, jealous of his popularity, persuaded the king to send the duke to England on a mission, and thus get him out of France, and he accordingly re mained in England from October 1789 to July 1790. On 7th July- he took his seat in the Assembly, and on 2d October both he and Mirabeau were declared by the Assembly entirely free of any com plicity in the events of October. He now tried to keep himself as much out of the political world as possible, but in vain, for the court would suspect him, and his friends would talk about his being king. The best proof of his not being ambitious of such a doubtful piece of preferment is that he made no attempt to get himself made king, regent, or lieutenant-general of the kingdom at the time of the flight to Varennes in June 1791. He, on the contrary, again tried to make his peace with the court in January 1792, but he was so insulted that he was not encouraged to sacrifice himself for the sake of the king and queen, who persisted in remembering all old enmities in their time of trouble. In the summer of 1792 he was present for a short time with the army of the north, with his two sons, the duke of Chartres and the duke of Montpensier, but had returned to Paris before 10th August. After that day he underwent great personal risk in saving fugitives ; in particular, he saved the life of the count of Champcenetz, the governor of the Tuileries, who was his personal enemy at the request of Mrs Elliott. It was impossible for him to recede, and, after accepting the title of Citoyen Egalite, conferred on him by the commune of Paris, he was elected twentieth and last deputy for Paris to the Convention. In that body he sat as quietly as he had done in the National Assembly, but on the occasion of the king s trial he had to speak, and then only to give his vote for the death of Louis. His compliance did not save him from suspicion, which was especially aroused by the friendship of his eldest son, the duke of Chartres, with Dumouriez, and when the news of the desertion of Chartres with Dumouriez became known at Paris all the Bourbons left in France, including Egalite, were ordered to be arrested on 5th April, In prison he remained till the month of October, when the Reign of Terror began. He was naturally the very sort of victim wanted, and he was decreed &quot;of accusation&quot; on 3d October. He was tried on 6th November and Mas guillotined on the same clay, with a smile upon his lips and without any appearance of fear. No man ever was more blamed than Orleans during the Revolution, but the faults of ambition and intrigue were his friends, not his ; it was his friends who wished him to be on the throne. Personally lie possessed the charming manners of a polished grand seigneur : debauched and cynical but never rude or cruel, full of gentle consideration for all about him but selfish in his pursuit of pleasure, he has had to bear a heavy load of blame, but it is ridiculous to describe the idle and courteous voluptuary as being a dark and designing scoundrel, capable of murder if it would serve his ambition. The execution of Philippe Egalite made the friend of Dumouriez, who was living in exile, duke of Orleans. Louis PHILIPPE (1773-1850) was known as duke of Orleans throughout his long emigration and under the Restora tion, and as duke of Orleans he was called upon to become king of the French in 1830. His eldest son, FERDINAND Louis PHILIPPK CHARLES HENRI (1810-1842), at once took the title of duke of Orleans. He was a brave soldier, and served in Algeria from 1834 to 1836. In 1837 he married Princess Helena of Mecklenburg, and became the father of the count of Paris, who is therefore de jure duke of Orleans. In 1839 he again went to Algeria, but the fatigues of the campaign were too much for him. He died at Neuilly in 1842. With him died the last duke of Orleans, for his son will not take the title ; but the whole party which supports him is rightly known as the Orleanist party. The chief authorities on the three most important dukes of Orleans are : for Gaston of Orleans, Avenel s Lettres de Richelieu, c. ; Cheruel, Cnn-i spondance de Mazarin; Id., Histoire de France pendant la minorite de Louis XIV. ; Id., Histoire de France pendant le ministere de Mazarin ; for the regent Orleans, the portions of Michelet s and Martin s Histories of France ; and for Philippe Egalite, Baschet s Histoire de Philippe Egalite, and the Journal of Mrs Grace Dalrymple Elliott (1859). (H. M. S.) OR ME, ROBERT (1728-1801), author of a History of British India, was the son of John Orme, surgeon in Bom bay, and was born at Anjcngo, Travancore, in June 1728. He was sent to Harrow school in 1736, and in 1742 to a school near London to obtain an education preparing him for commercial pursuits. In 1744 he became a clerk in the East India Company s service in Calcutta. In 1752 he went to Madras, and in the following year he returned home with Lord Clive, with whom he lived on terms of close intimacy. His knowledge of Indian affairs gave him considerable influence with the company. Returning to Madras in 1755, he was appointed a member of the council, and in this position took an active part in directing the military operations in the Carnatic in 1755-59. By the court of directors he Avas appointed to succeed Lord Pigot in the government of Madras, and in 1757-59 he was commissary-general. In the latter year bad health com pelled him to quit India, and he took up his residence in London, where he occupied himself in Avriting a History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indo- stan from 1745, the first volume appearing in 1763, the second in 1 775, and the third in 1 778 In acknowledgment of his services he Avas appointed historiographer to the East India Company with a salary of 400 a year. In