Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/769

Rh OBSERVATORY 711 stars published in 1859. With the mural circle, to which had been added a 7-inch telescope by T. Grubb (in 1862), about 3000 stars have been observed since 1864, and these are now (1884) ready for press. There is also a 15 -inch reflector. Armagh was (1868-83) one of the seven first-class meteorological observatories. Cork, observatory of Queen s College, lat. + 51 53 30&quot;, long. O h 33 m 58 s W. Erected in 1878 at the expense of Mr Crawford of Cork ; 8-inch refractor, 4-inch siderostat and transit circle, by Grubb. Managed by the professor of natural philosophy. B. Private Observatories now existing. Mr J. G. Barclay s observatory, Leyton, Essex, lat. + 51 34 34&quot;, long. O h O ra O s 9 W. In activity since 1862 ; 10-inch refractor by Cooke ; chiefly devoted to double stars ; small transit circle. Four parts of Observations have been published (4to, 1863-77). Mr A. A. Common s observatory, Baling, London, W. Silvered- glass reflector of 36-inches aperture (mirror by Calver, mounting by the owner), erected in 1879 ; chiefly used for celestial photo graphy. Also 18-inch silvered-glass reflector erected in 1876. Colonel Cooper s observatory, Markree Castle, Sligo, Ireland, lat. 54 10 31&quot; 8, long. O h 33 m 48 S&amp;gt; 4 W. Founded by the late E. J. Cooper, who in 1834 erected an equatorial refractor of 13 3-inches aperture (glass by Cauchoix). In addition to numerous other observations this instrument was from 1848 to 1856 used for determining the approximate places of 60,000 stars near the ecliptic (Markree Catalogue, 4 vols. 8vo, 1852-56). The obser vatory was restored in 1874, and the refractor has since been used for double -star observations. There is also a transit circle by Ertel. Earl of Crawford s observatory, Dun Edit, Aberdeenshire, lat. + 57 9 36&quot;, long. O h 9 m 40 s W. Founded in 1872 ; is one of the best - equipped observatories existing; has 15 -inch equatorial refractor by Grubb, large chronograph (driven by same clock as the refractor), 12-inch silvered reflector by Browning, two 6-inch and several smaller refractors, meridian circle by Simms similar to the one at Cambridge, numerous spectroscopes and minor in struments, also a large library, and a collection of physical instru ments. Cometary and spectroscopic observations and reduction of the observations made by the Venus expedition to Mauritius in 1874 have hitherto principally occupied the staff. Three 4to volumes of Publications and very frequent Dun Echt Circulars, distributing news of discoveries (chiefly relating to comets), have been issued. Mr E. Crosslcy s observatory, Bermerside, Halifax, Yorkshire. Equatorial refractor by Cooke of 9 3-inches aperture, erected in 1871, chiefly used for observations of double stars. Dr W. Huggins s observatory, Upper Tulse Hill, London, lat. + 51 26 47&quot;, long. O h O m 27 S 7 W. Founded in 1856 ; furnished with an 8-inch refractor (glass by Clark, mounting by Cooke). In 1870 was erected an equatorial mounting which could carry either a 15-inch refractor or a Cassegrain reflector of 18-inches aperture, both made by Grubb for the Royal Society ; mounting improved in 1882 to carry both instruments simultaneously. With these Dr Huggins has made his well-known spectroscopic observations and photographs of stellar spectra, the solar corona, &c., the results being published from time to time in the Philosophical Trans- adions. Mr G. Knotfs observatory, Cuckfield, Sussex (from 1860 to 1873 at Woodcroft, lat. + 51 41&quot;, long. O h O m 34 s W., since then at Knowles Lodge, Cuckfield). 7 3-inch refractor by Clark, used for observing double stars and variable stars. Mr R. S. Newall s observatory, Gateshead, Newcastle-on-Tyne. A refractor of 25 -inches aperture by Cooke was mounted in 1870, but appears to have been little u.ed. Earl of Rossc s observatory, Birr Castle, King s county, Ireland, lat. + 53 5 47&quot;, long. O h 31 m 40 s &quot;9 W. In 1839 the late earl made and mounted a reflector of 3-feet aperture (remounted as equatorial in 1876), and in 1845 he completed the celebrated reflector of 6-feet aperture and 54-feet focal length. These instruments, particularly the latter, were used from 1848 to 1878 for observations of nebula?, and revealed many new features in these bodies ; results published in the Phil. Trans, for 1844, 1850, 1861, 1868, and collected systema tically in the Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc., 1879-80. Experiments were made by the present earl to determine the amount of heat radiated from the moon (Phil. Trans., 1873). Rugby School (Temple Observatory). Founded in 1872 in memory of the bishop of Exeter ; with 8-inch equatorial refractor by Clark, used for observations of double stars and of stellar spectra. Stonyhurst College observatory, Lancashire, lat. +53 50 40&quot;, long. O h 9 m 52 s 7 W. An 8-inch equatorial refractor by Troughton and Simms, mounted in 1867, used for spectroscopic and micrometric observations ; a complete set of self-recording magnetic instruments. From 1868 to 1883 the observatory was one of the seven first-class meteorological stations. Colonel Tomlines observatory, at Orwell Park, Ipswich, lat. + 520 33&quot;, long. O h 4 m 55 s &quot;8 E. Founded in 1874 ; has a 10-inch refractor by Merz, used for observations of comets. Owing to the limited space at our disposal we are obliged to pass over several smaller private observatories. C. Private Observatories now discontinued. Mr Bishop s observatory, South Villa, Regent s Park London lat. + 51 31 29&quot;-9, long. Oh 37 s &quot;! W. In activity from 1836 to 1861, then removed to Twickenham, and discontinued in 1874 ; has a 7-inch refractor by Dollond, with which Mr Hind discovend ten minor planets and several comets, and constructed maps of stars near the ecliptic. Mr R. C. Carringtoris observatory, Redhill, lat. +51 14 25&quot; 3, long. O h O m 41 s -3 W. Established in 1854 ; has a 4^-inch refractor, and transit circle of 5 -inch aperture (now at Radcliff e Observa tory). With the latter a catalogue of the positions of 3735 stars within 9 of the pole, with the former regular observations of sun- spots, were made from 1853 to 1861. Rev, W. R. Dawcs s observatory, first at Ormskirk (1830-39), lat. + 53 34 18&quot;, long. O h ll m 36 s W. ; afterwards at Cranbrook, Kent (1844-50), lat. + 51 6 31&quot;, long. O h 2 10 S &quot;8 E. ; then at Wateringbury, near Maidstone, lat. + 51 15 12&quot;, long. O h l m 39 s 8 E., till 1857 ; and finally at Hopefield, Haddenham, lat. + 51 45 54&quot;, long. O h 3 m 43 S 4 W., till Mr Dawes s death in 1868. Possessed at first only small instruments, then successively a 6-inch refractor by Merz, a 7^-inch and an 8|-inch refractor by Clark, and an 8-inch refractor by Cooke, with all of which a great many measures of double stars were made, which were published in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. J/rX&amp;gt;cZa^?; sobservatory,Cranford, Middlesex, lat. + 51 28 57&quot; 8, long. O h l m 37 S&amp;gt; 5 W. Established in 1857; with 13-inch reflector, de voted to solar and lunar photography. The Kew photoheliograph was employed here from 1858 to 1863 to take daily photographs of the sun. The reflector was presented to the Oxford observatory in 1874. Mr Isaac Fletcher s observatory, Tarnbank, Cumberland, lat. + 54 39 13&quot; -7, long. O h 13 m 44 S 5 W. Established in 1847 ; in 1859 a 9^ -inch refractor by Cooke was mounted and used for observing double stars. Mr Groombridqe s observatory, Blackheath, lat. + 51 28 2&quot; 7, long. O h O m s - 6 E. In 1806 Mr Groombridge obtained a new transit circle of 4-feet diameter by Troughton, with which he up to 1816 observed stars within 50 of the pole. The resulting catalogue of 4243 stars was published in 1838. Sir William and Sir John Hcrschel s observatory at Slough near Windsor, lat. + 51 30 20&quot;, long. O h 2 m 24 s W. AVilliam Herschel settled at Datchet in 1782, and at Slough in 1786, and erected several 20-feet reflectors (of 18-inches aperture), and in 1789 his 40-feet reflector of 4-feet aperture. The latter was comparatively little used (two satellites of Saturn were discovered with it), while the former served to discover about 2500 nebulae and clusters, 800 double stars, and two satellites of Uranus, as also to make the innumerable other observations which have made the name of Herschel so celebrated. Sir J. Herschel used a 20-feet reflector at Slough from 1825 to 1833, and from 1834 to 1838 at the Cape of Good Hope, to examine the nebulse and double stars of the whole of the visible heavens, discovering 2100 new nebulae and 5500 new double stars. Rev. T. J. Hussey s observatory, Hayes, Kent, lat. + 51 22 38&quot;, long. O h O m 3 s 6 E. In activity from about 1825 for about twelve years ; 6i-inch refractor by Fraunhofer, used for making one of the star maps published by the Berlin Academy, also small transit circle by Simms. Mr Lasscll s observatory, from about 1820 to 1861 at Starfield near Liverpool, lat. + 53 25 28&quot;, long. O h ll m 38&quot; 7 W. ; contained reflectors of 9 and 24 inches aperture ; employed for observations of the satellites of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and of nebulae. The 2-feet reflector was used at Malta in 1852-53, and a 4-feet reflector was mounted in 1861, also at Malta, and used till 1864 for observa tions of satellites and nebuke. The eighth satellite of Saturn, the two inner satellites of Uranus, and the satellite of Neptune were discovered at Starfield by Mr Lassell. Dr Lee s observatory, Hartwell, Bucks, lat. + 51 48 36&quot;, long. O h 3 m 24 s 3 W. In 1836 Dr Lee came into possession of Captain Smyth s 6-inch refractor, and mounted it at Hartwell House, where it continued to be occasionally employed for double-star observa tions and other work up to about 1864. Captain Smyth s observatory, Bedford, lat. + 52 8 27&quot; 6, long. Oh im 52s-o W. In 1830 Captain (afterwards Admiral) Smyth erected a 6-inch refractor by Tulley, and observed the double stars and nebulte contained in his &quot;Bedford Catalogue&quot; (1844), forming vol. ii. of his Cycle of Celestial Objects. Sir James Souths observatory, from 1816 to 1824 at Blackman Street, Southwark, long. O h O m 21 s 8 W. Here South took transit observations of the sun, and he and J. Herschel measured double stars, in 1821-23. In 1826 South erected an observatory at Camp- den Hill, Kensington, lat. + 51 30 12&quot;, long. O h O m 46 s 8 AV., and procured a 12-inch object-glass from Cauchoix. As Trough ton, however, failed to make a satisfactory mounting, the glass was