Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/661

Rh N O V N O Y ment. The lieutenant-governor is appointed by the governor- general of Canada in council. The system of administration is known as responsible government. The province returns twenty- one members to the Dominion House of Commons, and ten senators are appointed by the crown to the senate of Canada. They hold their positions for life. The province has the right to make its own civil laws, but in all criminal cases the form which obtains in all the courts is the criminal law of the Dominion. The judiciary consists of a chief justice, an equity judge, and five puisne judges, a supreme court having law and equity jurisdiction throughout the province, a vice-admiralty court, and a court of marriage and divorce. In each county there is a court of probate. There are also seven county court judges. Nova Scotia forms the ninth military district in the militia of Canada. The established strength of the active force by arms is composed of 1 troop of cavalry, 1 field battery of artillery, 17 bat teries of garrison artillery, 9 battalions of infantry and rifles; total, 318 officers, and 3638 non-commissioned officers and men. The period of service in time of peace is three years. British regiments of the line are also stationed at Halifax. The public revenue of the province is a little more than half a million dollars annually, and the expenditure is about the same. The chief source of revenue is the yearly subsidy granted to the province by the Dominion, under the terms of the British North America Act of 1867. In 1882 it amounted to $380,000. The remainder of the revenue is derived from the sales of wild lands, royalties from mines, miscellaneous fees, marriage and other licences. Ecligion, Education, etc. There are two Roman Catholic dioceses in Nova Scotia the archdiocese of Halifax and the diocese of Arichat ; the clergy of the two combined number 76. A Church of England see was established at Halifax in 1787 ; the bishop, who has jurisdiction in Prince Edward Island also, has under him an archdeacon and 85 clergymen. The synod of the maritime provinces in connexion with the Presbyterian Church in Canada includes 101 ministers in Nova Scotia. The Methodist Church has 100 clergymen and supernumeraries, and the Baptist denomination has 104. The following table shows the number of the adherents of the various bodies : Church of England 60,255 Church of Rome 117,487 Presbyterians 112,488 Baptists 83,761 Methodists 50,811 Of no religion 121 Congregationalists 3,506 Lutherans 5,639 Adventists 1,536 Other denominations 3,331 Jews 19 No creed stated 1,618 Total 440,572 The free -school system is in operation, the whole community paying for its maintenance. The total Government expenditure for this service in 1882 was $173,877 ; the local expenditure, county fund, was $106,948 ; the total expenditure for public schools amounted to $571,389. In this year there were 1910 schools in operation, taught by 1975 teachers, and attended by 81,196 pupils. Besides the public schools and academies, there are a model and a normal school, several convents, and six colleges, viz., Dalhousie College and University, St Mary s (R.C.) College, the Presbyterian College, Acadia College (Baptist) at Wolfville, St Francis (R.C.) Col lege at Antigonish, and King s College and University (Episcopal) at Windsor, which was founded in 1787. The public charitable institutions receiving aid from the province are the insane asylum, poor s asylum and provincial city hospital, blind asylum, transient poor and visiting dispensary, and the deaf and dumb asylum, which is also helped by the New Brunswick Government. Several other institutions are maintained by societies and the benevolence of private individuals. Population. The province is divided into eighteen counties (including Cape Breton), as follows (1881) : Counties. Pop. Capitals. Counties. Pop. Capitals. Halifax. . 67,917 Halifax. , Cumberland 27,368 Amherst. Lunenburg 28,583 Lunenburg.
 * Colchester

26,720 Truro. Queen s. . 10,577 Liverpool. I Pictou .... 35,535 Pictou. Shelburne 14,913 Shelburne. 18,060 Antigonish. Yarmouth 21,284 Yarmouth. j Guysborough 17,808 Guysborough. Digby 19,881 Digby. i Inverness 25,651 Port Hood. Annapolis 20,598 Annapolis. Richmond 15,121 Arichat. King s .... 23,469 Kentville. j C ape Breton 31,258 Sydney. Hants 23,359 Windsor. 12,470 Baddeck. The total population was 440,572, including 220,538 males and 220,034 females. In 1871 the population was 387,800. There are 2125 Indians in Nova Scotia, principally Malicites and Micmacs. The inhabitants consist chiefly of Scotch, English, Irish, American, German, Acadian French, Dutch, freed negroes, of whom there are 7062, and various other nationalities. Besides Halifax, the capital, of which the population in 1881 was 36,100, the chief towns are Pictou (3403), New Glasgow (2595), Sidney (Sydney), C.B. (3667), North Sydney (5484), Yarmouth (6280), Liverpool (3000), and Lunenburg (4007). Windsor (3019), possessing one of the principal colleges in tlie province, is also the centre of a large trade in gypsum Annapolis, formerly Port Royal. Iruro, Amherst, Antigouish, and Pugwash are also rising and thriving towns. History. Nova. Scotia was first visited by the Cabots in 1497, but it was 1604 before any attempt at colonization by Europeans was made. This was the expedition headed by De Monts, a French man, which tried to form settlements at Port Royal, St Croix and elsewhere, and endured severe hardships until 1614, when the English colonists of Virginia made a descent upon them, claimed the terri tory m right of the discovery by the Cabots, and expelled them from the soil. In 1621 Sir William Alexander obtained a grant of the whole peninsula, and it was named in the patent Nova Scotia instead of Acadia, the old name given the colony by the French. Alexander intended to colonize the country on an extensive scale, but the attempt was frustrated (1623) by the French. During the reign of Charles I. the Nova Scotia baronets were created, and their patents ratified in parliament. Their number was not to exceed 150, and in exchange for their titles and grants of land they agreed to con tribute aid to the settlement. Cromwell despatched a strong force to the possession in 1654. In 1667 it was ceded by the treaty of Breda to the crown of France. But the restless English colonists, unmindful of treaty obligations, attacked the French from time to time at various points, until in 1713 the latter relinquished all claim to the country. England neglected it until 1749, when, the designs of the French again becoming marked, the Government made strenuous exertions to induce British settlers to go there. More than 4000 emigrants with their families sailed for the colony ; and Halifax was founded. But the French settlers, who enjoyed privi leges as neutrals, still embraced a considerable portion of the population, and, with their allies the Indians, proved exceedingly troublesome to the English. They were finally expelled ; and in 1758 a constitution was granted to Nova Scotia. By the treaty of Paris in 1763 France resigned all pretension to the country. In 1784 New Brunswick and Cape Breton were separated from Nova Scotia ; but in 1819 the two latter divisions were reunited, and in 1867 they became part of the Dominion of Canada. See Campbell, Nova Scotia in its Historical, Mercantile, and Industrial Rela- tions (Montreal, 1873); Dawson, Acadian Geology (Montreal, 1878); Fletcher in Report of the Geological Survey of Canada (1879-80) ; Pub. Docs. &quot;Nova Scutia and Dominion of Canada (1882-83).&quot; (G. ST.) NOVATTANUS, Eoman presbyter, and one of the earliest antipopes, founder of the sect of the Novatiani or Novatians, was born about the beginning of the 3d century. On the authority of Philostorgius (//. J2., viii. 15), he has often been called a native of Phrygia, but perhaps the historian intended by this nothing more than to indicate the Montanistic complexion of Novatian s creed. Of the facts of his life very little is known, and that only from his opponents. His conversion is said to have taken place after an intense mental struggle ; he was baptized by sprinkling, and without episcopal confirmation, when on a sick-bed in hourly expectation of death ; and on his re covery his Christianity retained all the stern and gloomy character of its earliest stages. He was ordained to the priesthood at Rome by Fabian, or perhaps by an earlier bishop ; and during the Decian persecution he maintained very strenuously the severer view of the church s disci plinary function, which would have excluded for ever from ecclesiastical communion all those (lapsi) who after baptism had ever sacrificed to idols, a view which had frequently found expression within the church previously, and which had indeed been the occasion of the schism of Hippolytus. Bishop Fabian suffered martyrdom in January 250, and, when Cornelius was elected his successor in March or April 251, Novatian objected to the new bishop on account of his known laxity on the above-mentioned point of disci pline, and allowed himself to be consecrated bishop by the minority who shared his views. He and his followers were excommunicated by the synod held at Rome in October of the same year. He is said by Socrates (H. E., iv. 28) to have suffered martyrdom under the emperor Valerian. After his death the Novatians, in spite of much opposition, increased, and spread rapidly to almost every province of the empire ; they called themselves KaOapoi, or Puritans, and insisted on rebaptizing their converts from the Catholic view. The eighth canon of the council of Nice provides in a spirit of considerable liberality for the readmission of the clergy of the KaOapoi to the Catholic
 * Antigonish
 * Victoria