Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/479

Rh N E W N E AY 449 wonderful patience and meekness. He seemed a little better on the 15th of March, and on the 18th he read the newspapers, and conversed with Dr Mead ; but at 6 o clock in the evening he became insensible, and continued in that state till Monday the 20th of March 1726-7, when he expired without pain between one and two o clock in the morning, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. His body was removed to London, and on Tuesdaj 7 the 28th of March it lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, and was thence conveyed to Westminster Abbey, where it was buried. Authorities. Commcrcium Epistolicum D. Johannis Collins et aliorum de analysi promota : jussu Societatis Regies in lucem editum, &c., 1712 (2d edition, 1722); H. Pemberton, A View of Sir Isaac Newton s Philosophy, 1728; F. Baily, An Account of the Rev. John Flamstecd, the First Astronomer-Royal, &c. , 1835 ; &quot;Whewell s History of the Inductive Sciences, 1837 ; S. P. Rigaud, Historical Essay on the First Publication of Sir Isaac Newton s Principia, 1838; Edleston, Correspondence of Sir Isaac Ncivton and Professor Cotes, &c., 1850; Sir D. Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, 1855; Lord Brougham and Mr Routh s Analytical View of Sir Isaac Newton s Principia, 1855; Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Yltli Century, etc., from the Originals in the Collection of the Earl of Macclesfield, 1841; J. Raphson, History of Fluxions, shewing in a compendious manner the First Rise of and Various Improvements made in that Incompar- nble Method, 1715. The collected works of Newton were published in 1779 by Dr Samuel Horsley, F.R.S., under the title Isaaci Ncw- toni Opera quse exstant Omnia. (H. M. T. ) NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807), a prominent Evangeli cal clergyman of the Church of England, and an intimate friend of the poet Cowper, was born in London 24th July 1725. His father, who for a long time was master of a ship in the Mediterranean trade, became in 1748 governor of York Fort, Hudson s Bay, where he died in 1750; his mother, a pious Dissenter, died when he was hardly seven years old. The only time spent by him at school was from his eighth to his tenth year, at Stratford, Essex. When only eleven years of age he joined his father s ship, where he continued to serve under him till 1742 ; shortly afterwards he was impressed on board a man-of-war, the &quot;Harwich,&quot; where he was made a midshipman. For an attempt to escape while his ship lay off Plymouth he was degraded, and treated with so much severity that when two men from a Guinea ship came aboard the man-of-war off Madeira he was glad to take advantage of the oppor tunity to exchange into an African trader. At Sierra Leone he left this ship and entered into the service of a slave trader, with whom he remained two years. The hardships he suffered were, however, so severe that he brought them under the notice of his father, by whose directions an English ship called for him in 1747 and brought him to England. Shortly afterwards he became mate on board a Liverpool slave ship, with which he made another voyage to Guinea, returning by the West Indies and Charleston. After his marriage in 1750 he made several similar voyages as master, devoting his leisure time to the im provement of his education, especially in mathematics, French, and Latin. The state of his health and a grow ing aversion to the slave trade led him to quit the sea in 1755, when he was appointed tide-surveyor at Liverpool. He now directed his attention to the study of Greek and Hebrew, and in 1758, in consequence of a gradual deepen ing of his religious convictions which had been going on for years, applied to the archbishop of York for holy orders. This was refused him, but, having had the curacy of Olney offered to him in April 1764, he was ordained deacon by the bishop of Lincoln, and in June of the following year was ordained priest. About three and a half years after wards Cowper the poet settled in the parish. An intimate friendship sprung up between them, and they published together the Olney Hymns (1779). They made it a rule to spend four days of the week in one another s company, and were rarely &quot;seven successive working hours apart.&quot; In 1779 Newton left Olney to become rector of St Mary Woolnoth, London, where he laboured with unremitting diligence in visiting and preaching till his death. December 31, 1807. Like Cowper, Newton held strongly Calvinistic views, although his evangelical fervour allied him closely with the sentiments of AVesley and the Methodists. His enduring fame rests on certain of the Olney Hymns, remarkable for vigour, simplicity, and directness of devotional utterance, which have passed into almost universal currency throughout the Reformed churches of English speech. His prose works include an Authentic Narrative of some Interesting and Remarkable Particulars in his own Life, a volume of Sermons (1760), Omicron (a series of letters on religion, 1762), Review of Ecclesiastical History (1769), and Cardiphonia (1781); but, though once extensively read, they now, with perhaps the exception of the first-named (a well-told narrative of moral and religious conversion), receive but little attention, and indeed have but little title to a per manent place in religious literature. A Life of Newton by Richard Cecil, first published in 1808, was prefixed to a collected edition of his works which appeared in 6 vols., 1816. Many subsequent editions of his works have been published. NEWTON ABBOT AND NEWTON BUSHEL, situated respectively in the parishes of Wolborough and Highweek, and separated by the small river Lemon, are generally included under the one name Newton Abbot, a market- town of Devonshire, England, on the Teign, 5 miles south by west of Teignmouth, and 6 north of Torquay. The beauty of the neighbouring scenery and the salubrity of the climate have tended of late years to increase the demand for residences, while the situation of the town at the head of the Teign navigation enables it to carry on a considerable shipping trade. St Mary s, the parish church of Wolborough, about half a mile south of the town, is in the Perpendicular style, as is also the parish church of Highweek, about a mile to the north-west. A very ex tensive nunnery, called St Augustine s Priory, was erected near the town in 1861. To the east of the town is Forde House, an Elizabethan structure belonging to the earl of Devon, visited by Charles I. and William of Orange. The other principal buildings are the union workhouse, the town-hall, and the markets. There are two fine public parks, Courtenay Park and Forde Park. The town pos sesses iron foundries, malt-houses, flour-mills, a tannery, and a brewery. The engine-works of the Great Western Kailway have lately been established in the town. Fine potters clay and pipeclay are obtained in the neighbour hood, about 6000 tons being exported annually to the potteries. There is a considerable trade in cattle, corn, and agricultural produce. The population of Wolborough with Newton Abbot in 1881 was 7662, and of Highweek 2164. Probably both Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel were originally included under Nuietone. Newton Abbot was given to the abbot of Tor by William Lord Brewer, founder of the monastery. Newton Bushel was so called from Robert Bussell or Bushell, foster-child and kinsman of Theobald de Englishville, who was made lord of the manor by Henry III. in 1246. NEWTON-LE-WILLOWS,orNEWTON-iN-MAKERFiELD, a township and urban sanitary district of Lancashire, is situated on a branch of the London and North-Western Railway between Liverpool and Manchester, about 15| miles from each. The original town of Newton consists principally of one broad street, but many new buildings have sprung up in the immediate neighbourhood, especi ally at Earlestown junction, about half a mile distant. There is a town-hall, a mechanics institute, and a grammar school. At a short distance from the town is a moated timber-house, and also an ancient barrow of great extent. The Liverpool farm reformatory school is in the neighbour hood. The industrial establishments include the waggon factory of the London and North-Western Railway Company (employing about 1000 hands), a large foundry, printing and stationery works, paper-mills, and sugar refineries. Coal abounds in the neighbourhood. The xvn. - 57