Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/470

Rh 440 NEWTON &quot;Amidst these thoughts I was forced from Cambridge by the Intervening Plague, and it was more than two years before I pro ceeded further. But then having thought on a tender way of polishing, proper for metall, whereby, as I imagined, the figure also would be corrected to the last ; I began to try, what might be effected in this kind, and by degrees so far perfected an Instrument (in the essential parts of it like that I sent to London), by which I could discern Jupiters 4 Concomitants, and shewed them divers times to two others of my acquaintance. I could also discern the Moon-like phase of Venus, but not very distinctly, nor without some niceness in disposing the Instrument. &quot;From that time I was interrupted till this last Autumn, when I made the other. And as that was sensibly better than the first (especially for Day-Objects), so I doubt not, but they will be still brought to a much greater perfection by their endeavours, who, as you inform me, are taking care about it at London.&quot; Then, after a remark that microscopes seem as capable of improvement as telescopes, lie adds I shall now proceed to acquaint you with another more notable difformity in its Rays, wherein the Orii/in of Colour is unfolded : Concerning which I shall lay down the Doctrine first, and then, for its examination, give you an instance or two of the Experiments, as a specimen of the rest. The Doctrine you will find comprehended and illustrated in the following propositions : &quot;1. As the Rays of light differ in degrees of Refrangibility, so they also differ in their disposition to exhibit this or that particular colour. Colours are not Qualifications of Light, derived from Refrac tions, or Reflections of natural Bodies (as tis generally believed), but original and connate properties, which in divers Rays are divers. Some Rays are disposed to exhibit a red colour and no other; some a yellow and no other, some a green and no other, and so of the rest. Nor are there only Kays proper and particular to the more eminent colours, but even to all their intermediate gradations. &quot;2. To the same degree ot Refrangibility ever belongs the same colour, and to the same colour ever belongs the same degree of Refrangibility. The least Refrangible Rays are all disposed to exhibit a lied colour, and contrarily those Rays, which are disposed to exhibit a Red colour, are all the least Refrangible : So the most refrangible Rays are all disposed to exhibit a deep Violet Colour, and contrarily those which are apt to exhibit such a violet colour are all the most Refrangible. &quot;And so to all the intermediate colours in a continued series belong intermediate degrees of refrangibility. And this Analogy twixt colours, and refrangibility is very precise and strict ; the Rays always either exactly agreeing in both, or proportionally dis agreeing in both. &quot; 3. The species of colour, and degree of Refrangibility proper to any particular sort of Rays, is not mutable by Refraction, nor by Reflection from natural bodies, nor by any other cause, that I could yet observe. When any one sort of Rays hath been well parted from those of other kinds, it hath afterwards obstinately retained its colour, notwithstanding my utmost endeavours to change it. I have refracted it with Prismes, and reflected it with Bodies, which in Day-light were of other colours ; I have intercepted it with the coloured film of Air interceding two compressed plates of glass, transmitted it through coloured Mediums, and through Mediums irradiated with other sorts of Rays, ami diversly terminated it ; and yet could never produce any new colour out of it. It would by contracting or dilating become more brisk, or faint, and by the loss of many Rays, in some cases very obscure and dark ; but I could never see it changed in specie. Yet seeming transmutations of Colours may be made, where there is any mixture of divers sorts of Rays. For in such mixtures, the component colours appear not, but, by their mutual allaying each other constitute a midling colour.&quot; Further on, after some remarks on the subject of com pound colours, he says &quot; I might add more instances of this nature, but I shall con clude with this general one, that the Colours of all natural Bodies have no other origin than this, that they are variously qualified to reflect one sort of light in greater plenty then another. And this I have experimented in a dark Room by illuminating those bodies with uncompounded light of divers colours. For by that means any body may be made to appear of any colour. They have there no appropriate colour, but ever appear of the colour of the light cast upon them, but yet with this difference, that they are most brisk and vivid in the light of their own day-light colour. Minium appeareth there of any colour indifferently, with which tis illustrated, but yet most luminous in red, and so Bise appeareth indifferently of any colour with which tis illustrated, but yet most luminous in blew. And therefore -,iii,nin/n reflectbth Rays of any colour, but most copiously those indued with red ; and consequently when illustrated with day-light, that is with all sorts of Rays pro miscuously blended, those qualified with red shall abound most in the reflected light, and by their prevalence cause it to appear of that colour. And for the same reason Bise, reflecting blew most copiously, shall appear blew by the excess of those Rays in its reflected light ; and the like of other bodies. And that this is the iutire and adequate cause of their colours, is manifest, because they have no power to change or alter the colours of any sort of Rays incident apart, but put on all colours indifferently, with which they are inlightened. &quot;Reviewing what I have written, I see the discourse it self will lead to divers Experiments sufficient for its examination : And therefore I shall not trouble you further, than to describe one of those, which I have already insinuated. &quot;In a darkened Room make a hole in the shut of a window, whose diameter may conveniently be about a third part of an inch, to admit a convenient quantity of the Suns light : And there place a clear and colourless Prisme, to refract the entring light towards the further part of the Room, which, as I said, will thereby be diffused into an oblong coloured Image. Then place a Lens of about three foot radius (suppose a broad Object-glass of a three foot Telescope), at the distance of about four or five foot from thence, through which all those colours may at once be transmitted, and made by its Refraction to convene at a further distance of about ten or twelve feet. If at that distance you intercept this light with a sheet of white paper, you will see the colours converted into whiteness again by being mingled. &quot; But it is requisite, that the Prisme and Lens be placed steddy, and that the paper, on which the colours are cast be moved to and fro; for, by such motion, you will not only find, at what distance the whiteness is most perfect but also see, how the colours gradually convene, and vanish into whiteness, and afterwards having crossed one another in that place where they compound Whiteness, are again dissipated and severed, and in an inverted order retain the same colours, which they had before they entered the composition. You may also see, that, if any of the Colours at the Lens be inter cepted, the Whiteness will be changed into the other colours. And therefore, that the composition of whiteness be perfect, care must be taken, that none of the colours fall besides the Lens. &quot; And he concludes his communication with the words &quot;This, I conceive, is enough for an Introduction to Experi ments of this kind : which if any of the R. Society shall be so curious as to prosecute, I should be very glad to be informed with what success: That, if any thing seem to be defective, or to thwart this relation, I may have an opportunity of giving further direction about it, or of acknowledging my errors, if I have committed any.&quot; The publication of these discoveries led to a series of controversies which lasted for several years, in which Newton had to contend with the eminent English natural philosopher Hooke, Lucas, mathematical professor at Lie&quot;ge, Linus, a physician in Lie ge, and many others. Some of his opponents denied the truth of his experiments, refusing to believe in the existence of the spectrum. Others criticized the experiments, saying that the length of the spectrum was never more than three and a half times the breadth, whereas Newton found it to be five times the breadth. It appears that Newton made the mistake of supposing that all prisms would give a spectrum of exactly the same length ; the objections of his opponents led him to measure carefully the lengths of spectra formed by prisms of different angles and of different refractive indices ; and it seems strange that he was not led thereby to the discovery of the different dispersive powers of different refractive substances. Newton carried on the discussion with the objectors with great courtesy and patience, but the amount of pain which these perpetual discussions gave to his sensitive mind may be estimated from the fact of his writing on November 18, 1676, to Oldenburg: I promised to send you an answer to Mr Lucas this next Tuesday, but I find 1 shall scarce finish what I have designed, so as to get a copy taken of it by that time, and therefore I beg your patience a week longer. I see I have made myself a slave to philosophy, but if 1 get free of Mr Lucas s business, I will resolutely bid adieu to it eternally, excepting what I do for my private satisfaction, or leave to come out after me ; for I see a man must either resolve to put out nothing new, or to become a slave to defend it. &quot; It was a fortunate circumstance that these disputes did not so thoroughly damp Newton s ardour as he at the time felt they would. He subsequently published ma &quot; y papers