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Rh E W N E W 395 principal manufactures are locks, rubber, clocks, organs, corsets, fish-lines, and paper boxes. There are nine banks of deposit, with an aggregate capital of 4, 664,000, and a circxilation of $3,038,940; also three savings banks, with deposits of about 9,000,000. About $225,000 is annually paid in New Haven in fire insurance premiums, for the protection of property valued at upwards of 25, 000, 000. New Haven (Indian name Quinnipiac, meaning &quot; long- water land&quot;) was settled in 1638 by nearly three hundred English emi grants of more than the average wealth and business ability, led by John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, with the design of found ing a commercial colony to be governed by the laws of the Bible. Davenport, an Oxford graduate, and for fourteen years a minister in London, became the pastor of the New Haven church; and Eaton, a successful London merchant, was the first governor of the colony which grew up about the town. The colony (of the same name) included five other towns, and remained independent until merged, by a charter of Charles II. in 1662, in the older colony of Connecti cut; this result was largely due to the waning prosperity of New Haven (in contrast with Connecticut), and to the prejudice against its more rigidly Puritan tone, as shown, for instance, in its code of laws, and in such incidents as the shelter given to Whalley and Goffe, two of the regicide judges. In recognition of its former standing, the sessions of the legislature were held alternately here and in Hartford (the original capital of Connecticut) from 1701 to 1874. From the original territory of the town (about 13 by 18 miles) ten new towns have been wholly or partly taken. New Haven was from the beginning distinguished for its care of public education, a free school being ordered to be set up as early as 1641, and the establishment of a college being contemplated in 1648. In 1716 Yale College was removed from Saybrook to New Haven, which had then somewhat under a thousand inhabitants. A period of quiet and regular growth ensued. In 1754 a printing press was set up, and in 1755 the first newspaper pxiblished in Con necticut appeared here. There are now six daily and six weekly papers, besides several college periodicals, The American Journal of Science, founded in 1818 by Professor Silliman, and another review (The New Englander). The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, incorporated in 1799, and the American Oriental Society, have their libraries here, and publish valuable trans actions. In the American Revolution the town favoured resistance to the British Government, and in 1779 was invaded by a detach ment of about 3000 British troops, under General Tyron. In 1784 New Haven received a city charter (the earliest in the State), the territory incorporated having then a population of about 3350. With the close of the Revolutionary War commerce revived and expanded ; and after the war of 1812 manufactures were intro duced. The population numbered in 1790, 4510; in 1800, 5157; in 1810, 6967; in 1820, 8327; in 1830, 10,678; in 1840, 14,396; in 1850, 22,529; in 1860, 39,267; in 1870, 50,840; and in 1880, 62,882, of whom 15,668 were born in foreign countries. The city was in 1880 the third place (next to Boston and Providence) in size in New England, and the twenty-sixth in the United States. Since 1880 new territory has been annexed, and the population is estimated in 1883 at nearly 74,000. The real and personal estate of the inhabitants was in 1882 valued at 848,335,632 (real estate 34 millions, personalty 14 millions). The net indebtedness of the city (principally contracted in building sewers) was 631,907 at the close of 1882 ; there was also a debt contracted by the town government of 941,637. The amount appropriated to meet the city expenses for 1883 was 559,435. The city is divided into twelve wards, and is governed by a mayor and twenty-four alder men (twelve elected yearly) and thirty-six councilmen. The town affairs are controlled by a separate board of seven select men. For the history of the town see Bacon, Thirteen Historical Discourses, 1839 ; Atwater, History of the Colony of New Haven, 1881; Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, 3 vols., 1S65-S2. NEW HEBRIDES AND SANTA CRUZ. These islands form part of the long chain of groups in the west Pacific known as MELANESIA (q.v. having the Solomon Islands about 200 miles west and north-west of their northern and New Caledonia at the same distance west of their southern extremity. They extend for about 700 miles between 9 45 and 20 16 S. lat., and between 165 40 and 170 30 E. long., the Santa Cruz group lying about 100 miles north of the New Hebrides. Excepting the small Torres group in the North New Hebrides, and some other small islands north of Santa Cruz which are all perched on reefs, but without lagoons, all the islands are of volcanic formation, the larger ones lying on both sides of the line of volcanic activity. The largest of them, being thought by its discoverer, Quiros (1606), to be the long- sought Terra Australis, was named by him Australia del Espiritu Santo. It is 75 by 40 miles; its peaks and mountains have a fine appearance from the sea. Pottery is made here as in Fiji and New Caledonia, the manu facture being suggested, it is said, by the form and material of the hornet s nest (Eumems xanthura). South-east from Espiritu Santo lie Mallicolo (56 by 20 miles), with a fine harbour, and Ambrym (22 by 17 miles), very beautiful, with a great volcano, 2800 feet ; south of this Lopevi, a perfect volcanic cone, also active, rises to 5000 feet. Farther south are Vat6 or Sandwich Island (30 by 15 miles), with the very fine harbour of Havannah; Erromaugo (30 by 22 miles; 3000 feet), where sandal wood is still found; Tanna (18 by 10 miles), contain ing Yasowa, the largest volcano of the group ; and Aneiteum, the most southerly (2788 feet). Sulphur from the volcanoes is exported. Santa Cruz or Nitendi Island was the scene of Mendaiia s ill-fated attempt in 1595 to found a colony ; and on Vanikoro, south of Santa Cruz, La Perouse s expedi tion was lost (1788). Except in the two localities above mentioned, and at Aneiteum, the coasts are almost free from reefs (the subterranean heat being probably fatal to zoophyte life), and the shores rise abruptly from deep water, the hills being densely wooded, and the scenery and vegetation singularly varied and beautiful. The trees Casuarina, candle nut (Aleurites triloba), kaurie pine (on Tanna), various species of Ficus, Myrtacese, and many others are magnificent ; the cocoa-nut is not confined to the coast, but grows high up the valleys on the hill-sides. Beautiful crotons and dracsenas abound. Besides the breadfruit, sago-palm, banana, sugar, yam, taro, arrowroot, and several forest fruits, the orange, pine-apple, and other imported species flourish ; and European vegetables are exported to Sydney. The fibres of various Urticex and Malvaceae, are used. No land mammals are known except the rat and Pteropidx. Birds (species) are less numerous than in the Solomon Islands. Pigeons, parrots, ducks, and swallows are common, and a Meyapodius is found. Of fish more than one hundred kinds are known, mostly inferior as food, and some poisonous. &quot;Whales and beche-de-iner abound and are fished for. There are two kinds of serpents (harmless), three or four lizards, and two turtles ; locusts, grasshoppers, butterflies, and hornets are numerous. The population is perhaps 50,000. Isolated Polynesian com munities occur on the smaller islands ; and on Vate and perhaps also on Santa Cruz and Vanua Lavu there is an infusion of Poly nesian blood, producing a taller, fairer, and less savage population. The people, however, vary on every island. At Aneiteum they are all Christians, and this influence predominates in the neighbouring southern islands of the group ; on Vate and Tanua, too, there are European factories (cotton and copra), but the population is dwindling rapidly. Motu, in the Santa Cruz group, was the_ late Bishop Patteson s principal island station. The general type is an ugly one : below the middle height, fairer than the typical Papuan, with low receding foreheads, broad faces, and flat noses. They wear nose- and ear-rings and bracelets of shells, and frequently nothing else. The men, but not the women, drink kava. They are con stantly fighting ; their weapons are bows and arrows, often beauti fully designed, clubs of elaborate patterns, spears, and latterly muskets. Their houses are either the round huts described by Mendana three hundred years ago, or rectangular with pitched roofs resting on three parallel rows of posts ; in Vate the reception houses are adorned with festoons of bones and shells. In Aurora the roof is set directly on the ground, with a square doorway 2 feet high in a deep gable at the end. The villages are scrupulously clean and neat, and ornamented with flowering shrubs, crotons, and dracrenas. In character the people differ in different islands, but much ot their iuhospitality and savagery, disastrously shown in the murder of several missionaries, Bishop Patteson, and Captain Goodenough, is traced to the misconduct and cruelty of traders and labour agents, or to revenge for the introduction of epidemic diseases. In some islands there is the objection also found among Malays to mention their names, or as in Australia the name of the mother-, sister-, and daughter-in-law. They are inveterate cannibals, with a few excep-