Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/399

Rh NEW- be ready at all hours &quot;to register her Grace s conceptions.&quot; Walpole speaks of her as a &quot;fertile pedant&quot; with an &quot;unbounded passion for scribbling&quot;; and, although giving evidence of learning, ingenuity, and imagination, her writings are fatally marred by a deficiency in judgment and self-restraint. She is best known by The Life of the Thrice Nolle, High, and Puissant Prince, William Cavendish, Diike, Marquess, and Earl of Newcastle ; written by the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent Princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, his Wife, originally printed by A. Maxwell at London in 1667. She also published Philosophical Fancies, 1653; Poems and Fancies, 1653; The World s Olio, 1655; Nature s Picture drawn by Fancie s Pencil to the Life, which includes an autobiography, 1656 ; Philosophical and Physical Opinions, 1655; Orations, 1662; Plays, 1662; Sociable Letters, 1664; Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, 1666 ; Letters and Poems, 1676. Her Select Poems were edited by Brydges in 1813, and her Autobiography in 1814. The latter, edited by Lower, was published along with her Life of the Duke of Newcastle in 1872. III. THOMAS PELHAM HOLLES, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE (1693-1768), who was for thirty years one of the two secretaries of state, and for seven more prime minister, and whose official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century, was the elder son of Thomas, first Lord Pelham, by his second wife Lady Grace Holies, younger sister of John Holies, duke of Newcastle- on-Tyne. Born in 1693, he was educated at Westminster and at Clare Hall, Cambridge. In 1711 his uncle the duke of Newcastle died, and left the whole of his vast estates to him. In 1712 he also succeeded his father in his peerage and estates, and in 1714, when he came of age, was one of the greatest landowners in the kingdom. He vigorously sustained the Whig party at Queen Anne s death, and had much influence in making the Londoners accept King George. His services were too great to be neglected, and in 1714 he was created earl of Clare, and in 1715 duke of Newcastle in Northumberland. He also became lord-lieutenant of the counties of Middlesex and Nottingham and a knight of the Garter in 1718, in which year he increased his Whig connexion by marrying Lady Henrietta Godolphin, granddaughter of the great duke of Marlborough. In 1717 he first held political office as lord chamberlain of the household, and in 1724 was chosen by Sir Robert Walpole to be secretary of state in place of Lord Carteret. This office he held continuously for thirty years (1724-1754), and only changed it for the premiership on his brother s death. His long tenure of office has been attributed to his great Whig connexions and his wealth, but some praise must be given to his inexhaust ible activity and great powers of debate. He was a peculiarly muddle-headed man, and unhappy if he had not more to do than he could possibly manage, but at the same time he was a consummate master of parliamentary tactics, and knew how to manage the Houses of Lords and Commons alike. Lord Hervey compares him with Walpole in 1735, and says &quot;We have one minister that does everything with the same seeming ease and tran quillity as if he were doing nothing ; we have another that does nothing in the same hurry and agitation as if he did everything.&quot; He continued in office on Walpole s fall in 1742, and became more powerful on his younger brother Henry becoming prime minister in 1743. On Henry Pelham s death in March 1754, Newcastle suc ceeded him as premier ; but people who had been accus tomed to him as secretary of state would not stand him as premier, and in November 1756 he gave place to the duke of Devonshire. For his long services he was created duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme, with remainder to the earl of Lincoln, who had married his niece Catherine Pelham. In July 1757 he again became prime minister for Pitt, though a great statesman, was a bad party N E W 381 leader on the understanding, according to Horace Walpole, that &quot; Mr Pitt does everything, the duke gives everything.&quot; Under this ministry England became famous abroad, but it gradually fell before the young king s affection for Lord Bute, who, after supplanting Pitt, became prime minister in the room of Newcastle in May 1762. The duke went into strong opposition, and lost his two lord-lieutenancies for opposing the peace of 1763. In 1765 he became lord privy seal for a few months, but his health was fast giving way, and he died in August 1768. The duke was certainly not a great man, but he must have possessed far more ability than has generally been allowed to have maintained office as long as he did ; he was industrious and energetic, and to his credit be it said that the statesman who almost monopolized the patronage of office for half a century twice refused a pension, and finally left office 300,000 poorer than he entered it. The best authority for the duke of Newcastle s life is the Memoirs of the Administration of the Right Hon. If. Pelham, by the Ven. W. Coxe, 1829. See also the histories of his time, and such books as Lord Hervey s Memoirs and Horace Walpole s Letters. NEW-CHWANG, a city of China, in the Manchurian province of Liau-tung (Shing-king or Fing-tien), is situated in 40 25 N. lat. and 122 40 E. long., about 35 miles (90 miles by water) from the coast of the Gulf of Liau- tung, on what is now a small branch of the main eastern affluent of the Liau-ho or Sua-muren. The city proper is a comparatively unimportant place with broken-down walls, but it is surrounded by a number of large and most flourishing suburbs. About the beginning of the present Ta-tsing dynasty (1644) New-chwang was the chief port on the river, but in the reign of Keen-lung, owing mainly to physical changes, it was supplanted by Tien-chwang-tai farther down the stream, and towards the close of the 18th century this had in turn to give place to Ying-tze still nearer the mouth. In ignorance of these facts New- chwang (now scarcely to be reached by a flat-bottomed river boat) was chosen as one of the ports to be opened to foreign trade by the treaty of Tien-tsin ; and, though Ying- tze had of necessity to be adopted as the site of the foreign settlements, Europeans still continue to speak of the port of New-chwang. Ying-tze (otherwise known as Ying-kow, New-kow, and in Mandarin as Muh-kow-ying) lies on the left bank of the Liau-ho on the lowest dry portion of the plain, not much above high-water mark. The British settlement immediately above the town has a river frontage of 1000 yards opposite the deepest of all the reaches, and runs back to the highway leading to New-chwang. Off the mouth of the river there is an extensive bar of hard mud which can only be crossed by certain channels at high tide, when it is covered by from 18 to 20 feet of water ; and the port is altogether closed by ice for four or five months of the year between November and May. But in spite of these drawbacks Ying-tze is the seat of an extensive and growing trade. The staple articles of export are pulse (beans), pulse-cake, and pulse-oil ; and pulse-warehouses and pulse-mills are the characteristic buildings of the town. The cake is a popular article of food with the natives of Kwang-tung and Full-keen, and is also largely employed for manuring the rice and sugar fields in the neighbourhood of Shanghae, Amoy, Swatow, &c. Other leading articles of export are castor oil, raw silk, ginseng, and samshu, this last manufactured with great success in the city of New-Chwang, but very badly in Ying-tze. The port was opened to foreign trade in 1858; in 1882 316 vessels (of 152,871 tons) entered. The total value of the trade was 934,374 in 1864, 2,606,134 in 1878, and 1,904,740 in 1882. In 1864 Mr Meadows Taylor estimated the population of Ying-tze as about 80,000, though the mandarins stated it to be 200,000.